El sistema nervioso es el conjunto de órganos y estructuras, formadas por tejido nervioso de origen ectodérmico en animales diblásticos y triblásticos, cuya unidad funcional básica son las neuronas. Su función primordial es la de captar y procesar rápidamente las señales ejerciendo control y coordinación sobre los demás órganos para lograr una adecuada, oportuna y eficaz interacción con el medio ambiente cambiante. Esta rapidez de respuestas que proporciona la presencia del sistema nervioso diferencia a la mayoría de los animales (eumetazoa) de otros seres pluricelulares de respuesta motil lenta que no lo poseen como los vegetales, hongos, mohos o algas. Cabe mencionar que también existen grupos de animales (parazoa y mesozoa) como los poríferos, placozoos y mesozoos que no tienen sistema nervioso porque sus tejidos no alcanzan la misma diferenciación que consiguen los demás animales ya sea porque sus dimensiones o estilos de vida son simples, arcaicos, de bajos requerimientos o de tipo parasitario. Las neuronas son células especializadas, cuya función es coordinar las acciones de los animales por medio de señales químicas y eléctricas enviadas de un extremo al otro del organismo. Para su estudio desde el punto de vista anatómico el sistema nervioso se ha dividido en central y periférico; sin embargo para profundizar su conocimiento desde el punto de vista funcional suele dividirse en somático y autónomo. Otra manera de estudiarlo y desde un punto de vista más incluyente, que abarca la mayoría de animales, es seguir la estructura funcional de los reflejos que establece la división entre sistema nervioso sensitivo o aferente, encargado de incorporar la información desde los receptores, en sistema de asociación, encargado de almacenar e integrar la información, y en sistema motor o eferente, que lleva la información de salida hacia los efectores.

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The nervous system is the part of an animal's body that coordinates its actions and transmits signals to and from different parts of its body. Nervous tissue first arose in wormlike organisms about 550 to 600 million years ago. In vertebrate species it consists of two main parts, the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. The PNS consists mainly of nerves, which are enclosed bundles of the long fibers or axons, that connect the CNS to every other part of the body. Nerves that transmit signals from the brain are called motor or efferent nerves, while those nerves that transmit information from the body to the CNS are called sensory or afferent. Most nerves serve both functions and are called mixed nerves. The PNS is divided into a) somatic and b) autonomic nervous system, and c) the enteric nervous system. Somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement. The autonomic nervous system is further subdivided into the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems. The sympathetic nervous system is activated in cases of emergencies to mobilize energy, while the parasympathetic nervous system is activated when organisms are in a relaxed state. The enteric nervous system functions to control the gastrointestinal system. Both autonomic and enteric nervous systems function involuntarily. Nerves that exit from the cranium are called cranial nerves while those exiting from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves. At the cellular level, the nervous system is defined by the presence of a special type of cell, called the neuron, also known as a "nerve cell". Neurons have special structures that allow them to send signals rapidly and precisely to other cells. They send these signals in the form of electrochemical waves traveling along thin fibers called axons, which cause chemicals called neurotransmitters to be released at junctions called synapses. A cell that receives a synaptic signal from a neuron may be excited, inhibited, or otherwise modulated. The connections between neurons can form neural circuits and also neural networks that generate an organism's perception of the world and determine its behavior. Along with neurons, the nervous system contains other specialized cells called glial cells (or simply glia), which provide structural and metabolic support. Nervous systems are found in most multicellular animals, but vary greatly in complexity. The only multicellular animals that have no nervous system at all are sponges, placozoans, and mesozoans, which have very simple body plans. The nervous systems of the radially symmetric organisms ctenophores (comb jellies) and cnidarians (which include anemones, hydras, corals and jellyfish) consist of a diffuse nerve net. All other animal species, with the exception of a few types of worm, have a nervous system containing a brain, a central cord (or two cords running in parallel), and nerves radiating from the brain and central cord. The size of the nervous system ranges from a few hundred cells in the simplest worms, to around 300 billion cells in African elephants. The central nervous system functions to send signals from one cell to others, or from one part of the body to others and to receive feedback. Malfunction of the nervous system can occur as a result of genetic defects, physical damage due to trauma or toxicity, infection or simply of ageing. The medical specialty of neurology studies disorders of the nervous system and looks for interventions that can prevent or treat them. In the peripheral nervous system, the most common problem is the failure of nerve conduction, which can be due to different causes including diabetic neuropathy and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroscience is the field of science that focuses on the study of the nervous system.

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