En filosofía política, ciencia política y sociología, el contrato social es un acuerdo real o realizado en el interior de un grupo por sus miembros, como por ejemplo el que se adquiere en un Estado con relación a sus derechos y deberes y los de sus ciudadanos. Se parte de la idea de que todos los miembros del grupo están de acuerdo, por voluntad propia, con el contrato social, en virtud de lo cual admiten la existencia de una autoridad, de unas normas morales y de unas leyes a las que se someten. El pacto social es una hipótesis explicativa de la autoridad política y del orden social. El contrato social, como teoría política, explica, entre otras cosas, el origen y el propósito del Estado y de los derechos humanos. La esencia de la teoría (cuya formulación más conocida es la propuesta por Jean-Jacques Rousseau) es la siguiente: para vivir en sociedad, los seres humanos acuerdan un contrato social implícito que les otorga ciertos derechos a cambio de abandonar la libertad de la que dispondrían en estado de naturaleza. Siendo así, los derechos y los deberes de los individuos constituyen las cláusulas del contrato social, en tanto que el Estado es la entidad creada para hacer cumplir el contrato. Del mismo modo, los seres humanos pueden cambiar los términos del contrato si así lo desean; los derechos y los deberes no son inmutables o naturales. Por otro lado, un mayor número de derechos implica mayores deberes, y menos derechos, menos deberes.

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In moral and political philosophy, the social contract or political contract is a theory or model, originating during the Age of Enlightenment, that typically addresses the questions of the origin of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Social contract arguments typically posit that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate (or to the decision of a majority), in exchange for protection of their remaining rights. The question of the relation between natural and legal rights, therefore, is often an aspect of social contract theory. The term takes its name from The Social Contract (Du contrat social ou Principes du droit politique) a 1762 book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau which discussed this concept. Although the antecedents of social contract theory are found in antiquity, in Greek and Stoic philosophy and Roman and Canon Law, the heyday of the social contract was the mid-17th to early 19th centuries, when it emerged as the leading doctrine of political legitimacy. The starting point for most social contract theories is an examination of the human condition absent from any political order that Thomas Hobbes termed the "state of nature". In this condition, individuals' actions are bound only by their personal power and conscience. From this shared starting point, social contract theorists seek to demonstrate, in different ways, why a rational individual would voluntarily consent to give up their natural freedom to obtain the benefits of political order. Hugo Grotius (1625), Thomas Hobbes (1651), Samuel Pufendorf (1673), John Locke (1689), Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1762), and Immanuel Kant (1797) are among the most prominent of 17th- and 18th-century theorists of social contract and natural rights. Each solved the problem of political authority in a different way. Grotius posited that individual human beings had natural rights; Hobbes asserted that humans consent to abdicate their rights in favor of the absolute authority of government (whether monarchial or parliamentary); Pufendorf disputed Hobbes's equation of a state of nature with war. Locke believed that natural rights were inalienable, and that the rule of God therefore superseded government authority; and Rousseau believed that democracy (self-rule) was the best way of ensuring the general welfare while maintaining individual freedom under the rule of law. The Lockean concept of the social contract was invoked in the United States Declaration of Independence. Social contract theories were eclipsed in the 19th century in favor of utilitarianism, Hegelianism, and Marxism, and were revived in the 20th century, notably in the form of a thought experiment by John Rawls.

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