Un rompehielos es un barco especial diseñado para moverse y navegar a través de mares y ríos cubiertos por el hielo. Para que un barco sea considerado rompehielos requiere tres componentes: un casco especial reforzado, una forma del casco que le facilite dispersar el hielo y la potencia suficiente para abrirse paso. Un barco normal con un casco sin reforzar correrá riesgo si choca contra el hielo, por muy suave que sea el golpe. Los rompehielos consiguen fragmentar el hielo gracias a su momento y la fuerza para presionar el hielo con su proa. El peso del navío oprime el hielo, el cual no lo soporta, se agrieta y se rompe en pedazos. Un casco especialmente diseñado para rompehielos debe dirigir los fragmentos a los lados del navío o hacia abajo, para facilitar el avance del barco. Una alta concentración de trozos de hielo detendrá el barco, antes de que estos se rompan. Lo esencial para un barco rompehielos es la habilidad para propulsarse sobre el hielo, romperlo y separar los fragmentos dejando una estela a su paso.

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An icebreaker is a special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters, and provide safe waterways for other boats and ships. Although the term usually refers to ice-breaking ships, it may also refer to smaller vessels, such as the icebreaking boats that were once used on the canals of the United Kingdom. For a ship to be considered an icebreaker, it requires three traits most normal ships lack: a strengthened hull, an ice-clearing shape, and the power to push through sea ice. Icebreakers clear paths by pushing straight into ice pockets. The bending strength of sea ice is so low that usually the ice breaks without noticeable change in the vessel's trim. In cases of very thick ice, an icebreaker can drive its bow onto the ice to break it under the weight of the ship. Because a buildup of broken ice in front of a ship can slow it down much more than the breaking of the ice itself, icebreakers have a specially designed hull to direct the broken ice around or under the vessel. The external components of the ship's propulsion system (propellers, propeller shafts, etc.) are at even greater risk of damage than the vessel's hull, so the ability of an icebreaker to propel itself onto the ice, break it, and clear the debris from its path successfully is essential for its safety.

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