Se denomina azúcar, en el uso más extendido de la palabra, a la sacarosa, cuya fórmula química es C12H22O11, también llamada «azúcar común» o «azúcar de mesa». La sacarosa es un disacárido formado por una molécula de glucosa y una de fructosa, que se obtiene principalmente de la caña de azúcar o de la remolacha. El 27 % de la producción total mundial se realiza a partir de la remolacha y el 73 % a partir de la caña de azúcar. La sacarosa se encuentra en todas las plantas, y en cantidades apreciables en otras plantas distintas de la caña de azúcar o la remolacha, como el sorgo y el arce azucarero. En ámbitos industriales se usa la palabra azúcar o azúcares para designar los diferentes monosacáridos y disacáridos, que generalmente tienen sabor dulce, aunque por extensión se refiere a todos los hidratos de carbono. Funde a los 160 °C y calentada a 210 °C se transforma en una masa de color pardo denominada caramelo, utilizada en la elaboración de dulces y pasteles, así como para la saporización y coloración de líquidos. Si se calienta por encima de 145 °C en presencia de compuestos amino, derivados por ejemplo de proteínas, tiene lugar el complejo sistema de reacciones de Maillard, que genera colores, olores y sabores generalmente apetecibles, y también pequeñas cantidades de compuestos indeseables. El azúcar es una importante fuente de calorías en la dieta alimenticia moderna, pero es frecuentemente asociada a calorías vacías, debido a la completa ausencia de vitaminas y minerales. En alimentos industrializados el porcentaje de azúcar puede llegar al 80 %. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda que el azúcar no supere el 10% de las calorías diarias consumidas.

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Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose (also known as dextrose), fructose, and galactose. The table or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is sucrose, a disaccharide. (In the body, sucrose hydrolyses into fructose and glucose.) Other disaccharides include maltose and lactose. Longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides. Chemically-different substances may also have a sweet taste, but are not classified as sugars. Some are used as lower-calorie food substitutes for sugar described as artificial sweeteners. Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants, but are present in sufficient concentrations for efficient extraction only in sugarcane and sugar beet. Sugarcane refers to any of several species of giant grass in the genus Saccharum that have been cultivated in tropical climates in South Asia and Southeast Asia since ancient times. A great expansion in its production took place in the 18th century with the establishment of sugar plantations in the West Indies and Americas. This was the first time that sugar became available to the common people, who had previously had to rely on honey to sweeten foods. Sugar beet, a cultivated variety of Beta vulgaris, is grown as a root crop in cooler climates and became a major source of sugar in the 19th century when methods for extracting the sugar became available. Sugar production and trade have changed the course of human history in many ways, influencing the formation of colonies, the perpetuation of slavery, the transition to indentured labour, the migration of peoples, wars between sugar-trade–controlling nations in the 19th century, and the ethnic composition and political structure of the New World. The world produced about 168 million tonnes of sugar in 2011. The average person consumes about 24 kilograms (53 lb) of sugar each year (33.1 kg in industrialised countries), equivalent to over 260 food calories per person, per day. Since the latter part of the twentieth century, it has been questioned whether a diet high in sugars, especially refined sugars, is good for human health. Sugar has been linked to obesity, and suspected of, or fully implicated as a cause in the occurrence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, macular degeneration, and tooth decay. Numerous studies have been undertaken to try to clarify the position, but with varying results, mainly because of the difficulty of finding populations for use as controls that do not consume or are largely free of any sugar consumption.

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