La epidemiología, palabra derivada del griego epi (sobre) demos (pueblo) y logos (ciencia), es una disciplina científica en el área de la biología y medicina que estudia la distribución, frecuencia, factores determinantes, predicciones y control de los factores relacionados con la salud y las enfermedades existentes en poblaciones humanas definidas. Más sencillamente Rich la describió acertadamente en 1979 como la ciencia que estudia la dinámica de salud en las poblaciones. El médico especializado en epidemiología se llama epidemiólogo.

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Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and shapes policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, amend interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences. Major areas of epidemiological study include disease etiology, transmission, outbreak investigation, disease surveillance, forensic epidemiology and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to better understand proximate and distal causes, and engineering for exposure assessment.

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