El término Inquisición o Santa Inquisición hace referencia a varias instituciones dedicadas a la supresión de la herejía mayoritariamente en el seno de la Iglesia católica. La herejía en la era medieval europea muchas veces se castigaba con la pena de muerte y de esta se derivan todas las demás. La Inquisición medieval se fundó en 1184 en la zona de Languedoc (en el sur de Francia) para combatir la herejía de los cátaros o albigenses. En 1249 se implantó también en el reino de Aragón, siendo la primera Inquisición estatal; y en la Edad Moderna, con la unión de Aragón con Castilla, se extendió a ésta con el nombre de Inquisición española (1478-1821) bajo control directo de la monarquía hispánica, cuyo ámbito de acción se extendió después a los territorios colonizados en lo que se denominaría América, la Inquisición portuguesa (1536-1821) y la Inquisición romana (1542-1965). Aunque en los países de mayoría protestante también hubo persecuciones, en este caso contra católicos, contra reformadores radicales como los anabaptistas y contra supuestos practicantes de brujería, los tribunales se constituían en el marco del poder real o local, generalmente adecuado para cada caso concreto y no constituyeron una institución específica.

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The Inquisition was a group of institutions within the government system of the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy. It started in 12th-century France to combat religious sectarianism, in particular the Cathars and the Waldensians. Other groups investigated later included the Spiritual Franciscans, the Hussites (followers of Jan Hus) and Beguines. Beginning in the 1250s, inquisitors were generally chosen from members of the Dominican Order, replacing the earlier practice of using local clergy as judges. The term Medieval Inquisition covers these courts up to mid-15th century. During the Late Middle Ages and early Renaissance, the concept and scope of the Inquisition significantly expanded in response to the Protestant Reformation and the Catholic Counter-Reformation. It expanded to other European countries, resulting in the Spanish Inquisition and Portuguese Inquisition. The Spanish and Portuguese operated inquisitorial courts throughout their empires in Africa, Asia, and the Americas (resulting in the Peruvian Inquisition and Mexican Inquisition). The Spanish and Portuguese inquisitions focused particularly on the issue of Jewish anusim and Muslim converts to Catholicism, partly because these minority groups were more numerous in Spain and Portugal than in many other parts of Europe, and partly because they were often considered suspect due to the assumption that they had secretly reverted to their previous religions. Except within the Papal States, the institution of the Inquisition was abolished in the early 19th century, after the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and after the Spanish American wars of independence in the Americas. The institution survived as part of the Roman Curia, but in 1904 was given the new name of "Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office". In 1965 it became the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

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