La cuarcita o metacuarcita es una roca metamórfica dura con alto contenido de cuarzo. En composición la mayoría de las cuarcitas llegan a ser más de 90 % de cuarzo y algunas incluso 99 %. El término cuarcita a menudo es usado erróneamente para designar a la cuarzoarenita u ortocuarcita, roca sedimentaria cementada con sílice que ha precipitado de aguas intersticiales durante su diagenesis. Las cuarcita se forma por recristalización a altas temperaturas y presión. La cuarcita carece de foliación. Si presenta capas de ojuelas paralelas de mica blanca la roca obtiene una estructura esquistosa y pasa a llamarse esquisto de cuarzo. Tiene una meteorización lenta y produce suelos inusualmente delgados y magros. Su resistencia a la erosión hace que formaciones de cuarcita sobresalgan en el paisaje, como es el caso de numerosas crestas en los montes Apalaches.

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Quartzite (from German: Quarzit) is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone. Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts. Pure quartzite is usually white to grey, though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of iron oxide (Fe2O3). Other colors, such as yellow, green, blue and orange, are due to other mineral impurities. When sandstone is cemented to quartzite, the individual quartz grains recrystallize along with the former cementing material to form an interlocking mosaic of quartz crystals. Most or all of the original texture and sedimentary structures of the sandstone are erased by the metamorphism. The grainy, sandpaper-like surface becomes glassy in appearance. Minor amounts of former cementing materials, iron oxide, silica, carbonate and clay, often migrate during recrystallization and metamorphosis. This causes streaks and lenses to form within the quartzite. Orthoquartzite is a very pure quartz sandstone composed of usually well-rounded quartz grains cemented by silica. Orthoquartzite is often 99% SiO2 with only very minor amounts of iron oxide and trace resistant minerals such as zircon, rutile and magnetite. Although few fossils are normally present, the original texture and sedimentary structures are preserved. The term is also traditionally used for quartz-cemented quartz arenites, and both usages are found in the literature. The typical distinction between the two (since each is a gradation into the other) is a metamorphic quartzite is so highly cemented, diagenetically altered, and metamorphosized so that it will fracture and break across grain boundaries, not around them. Quartzite is very resistant to chemical weathering and often forms ridges and resistant hilltops. The nearly pure silica content of the rock provides little for soil; therefore, the quartzite ridges are often bare or covered only with a very thin layer of soil and (if any) little vegetation.

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