La donación de sangre es un procedimiento médico por el cual a una persona se le realiza una extracción de sangre que luego se inyecta en otra persona (transfusión de sangre) o se utiliza para elaborar medicamentos. Dado que la sangre humana es una sustancia que actualmente no se puede sintetizar, es necesario extraerla de otra persona. Pocos países en el mundo tienen organizado un sistema público de donación de sangre, entre los cuales están Venezuela, México Cuba, Bolivia, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Argentina, España, Uruguay y Costa Rica. En estos países está prohibida la compra y la venta de sangre, que se considera un recurso público únicamente destinado a instituciones sanitarias para el tratamiento de pacientes y cuya donación es totalmente voluntaria. Cuando la "donación de sangre" se introdujo en 1926, debido a la renuencia de los potenciales donantes de sangre, la Cruz Roja dio 400 francos belgas (10 euros) por medio litro de sangre. Si el donante fue llamado a emergencias adicionó 50 francos belgas (1,25 euros) por la donación. En comparación: los trabajadores ganaron aproximadamente 235 francos belgas por mes. Casi un doble sueldo por la donación de sangre. Luego hubo cerca de 8000 donantes de sangre en Bélgica. En países que no existe tal sistema, la donación es realizada por familiares, o se paga para encontrar un donante. Cabe destacar que se considera que una de las ventajas del donante voluntario es que en general representará un riesgo menor de estar contaminado. La Organización Mundial de la Salud decidió en 1997 que impulsaría las donaciones de sangre voluntarias en todo el mundo. El 14 de junio de cada año se ha convenido celebrar el Día Mundial del Donante de Sangre, como una manera de agradecer la donación desinteresada de sangre.

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A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into biopharmaceutical medications by a process called fractionation (separation of whole-blood components). Donation may be of whole blood (WB), or of specific components directly (the latter called apheresis). Blood banks often participate in the collection process as well as the procedures that follow it. Today in the developed world, most blood donors are unpaid volunteers who donate blood for a community supply. In poorer countries, established supplies are limited and donors usually give blood when family or friends need a transfusion (directed donation). Many donors donate as an act of charity, but in countries that allow paid donation some donors are paid, and in some cases there are incentives other than money such as paid time off from work. Donors can also have blood drawn for their own future use (autologous donation). Donating is relatively safe, but some donors have bruising where the needle is inserted or may feel faint. Potential donors are evaluated for anything that might make their blood unsafe to use. The screening includes testing for diseases that can be transmitted by a blood transfusion, including HIV and viral hepatitis. The donor must also answer questions about medical history and take a short physical examination to make sure the donation is not hazardous to his or her health. How often a donor can donate varies from days to months based on what component they donate and the laws of the country where the donation takes place. For example, in the United States, donors must wait eight weeks (56 days) between but only seven days between plateletpheresis donations and twice per seven-day period in plasmapheresis. The amount of blood drawn and the methods vary. The collection can be done manually or with automated equipment that takes only specific components of the blood. Most of the components of blood used for transfusions have a short shelf life, and maintaining a constant supply is a persistent problem. This has led to some increased interest in autotransfusion, whereby a patient's blood is salvaged during surgery for continuous reinfusion—or alternatively, is "self-donated" prior to when it will be needed. (Generally, the notion of "donation" does not refer to giving to one's self, though in this context it has become somewhat acceptably idiomatic.)

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