Se designó como locura hasta final del siglo XIX a un determinado comportamiento que rechazaba las normas sociales establecidas. Lo que se interpretó por convenciones sociales como locura fue la desviación de la norma (del latín vulgar delirare, de lira ire, que significaba originalmente en la agricultura "desviado del surco recto"), por culpa de un desequilibrio mental, por el cual un hombre o una mujer padecía de delirios enfermizos, impropios del funcionamiento normal de la razón, que se identificaban por la realización de actos extraños y destructivos. Los síntomas de ciertas enfermedades, como la epilepsia u otras disfunciones mentales, fueron también calificados de locura.

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Insanity, craziness, or madness is a spectrum of behaviors characterized by certain abnormal mental or behavioral patterns. Insanity may manifest as violations of societal norms, including a person becoming a danger to themselves or others, though not all such acts are considered insanity; likewise, not all acts showing indifference toward societal norms are acts of insanity. In modern usage, insanity is most commonly encountered as an informal unscientific term denoting mental instability, or in the narrow legal context of the insanity defense. In the medical profession the term is now avoided in favor of diagnoses of specific psychiatric diseases; the presence of delusions or hallucinations is broadly referred to as psychosis. When discussing psychiatric illness in general terms, "psychopathology" is considered a preferred descriptor. In English, the word "sane" derives from the Latin adjective sanus meaning "healthy". Juvenal's phrase mens sana in corpore sano is often translated to mean a "healthy mind in a healthy body". From this perspective, insanity can be considered as poor health of the mind, not necessarily of the brain as an organ (although that can affect mental health), but rather refers to defective function of mental processes such as reasoning. Another Latin phrase related to our current concept of sanity is "compos mentis" (lit. "sound of mind"), and a euphemistic term for insanity is "non compos mentis". In law, mens rea means having had criminal intent, or a guilty mind, when the act (actus reus) was committed. A more informal use of the term insanity is to denote something considered highly unique, passionate or extreme, including in a positive sense. The term may also be used as an attempt to discredit or criticise particular ideas, beliefs, principles, desires, personal feelings, attitudes, or their proponents, such as in politics and religion.

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