La educación especial o educación diferencial es aquella destinada a alumnos con necesidades educativas especiales debidas a superdotación intelectual o bien a discapacidades psíquicas, físicas o sensoriales. La educación especial en sentido amplio comprende todas aquellas actuaciones encaminadas a compensar dichas necesidades, ya sea en centros ordinarios o específicos. En los últimos años del siglo XX se ha propuesto en España y en otros países la sustitución del término educación especial por el de necesidades educativas especiales, siguiendo las recomendaciones del informe Warnock, publicado en 1978 y difundido a lo largo de la década siguiente. Esta nueva definición supone hacer énfasis en la concepción de la educación básica como un servicio que se presta a la ciudadanía para que alcance sus máximas potencialidades y por tanto en la obligación del sistema de proporcionar apoyos y medios técnicos y humanos para compensar los déficits del alumnado en el acceso a los aprendizajes básicos imprescindibles para afrontar la vida adulta.

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Special education (also known as special needs education, aided education, vocational education, and limb care authority education) is the practice of educating students with special educational needs in a way that addresses their individual differences and needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. These interventions are designed to help learners with special needs achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency and success in school and their community, than may be available if the student were only given access to a typical classroom education. Common special needs include learning disabilities, communication disorders, emotional and behavioral disorders, physical disabilities, and developmental disabilities. Students with these kinds of special needs are likely to benefit from additional educational services such as different approaches to teaching, the use of technology, a specifically adapted teaching area, or a resource room. Intellectual giftedness is a difference in learning and can also benefit from specialized teaching techniques or different educational programs, but the term "special education" is generally used to specifically indicate instruction of students with disabilities. Gifted education is handled separately. Whereas special education is designed specifically for students with special needs, remedial education can be designed for any students, with or without special needs; the defining trait is simply that they have reached a point of underpreparedness, regardless of why. For example, even people of high intelligence can be underprepared if their education was disrupted, for example, by internal displacement during civil disorder or a war. In most developed countries, educators modify teaching methods and environments so that the maximum number of students are served in general education environments. Therefore, special education in developed countries is often regarded as a service rather than a place. Integration can reduce social stigmas and improve academic achievement for many students. The opposite of special education is general education. General education is the standard curriculum presented without special teaching methods or supports.

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