La conducción de calor o transmisión de calor por conducción es un proceso de transmisión de calor basado en el contacto directo entre los cuerpos, sin intercambio de materia, por el que el calor fluye desde un cuerpo de mayor temperatura a otro de menor temperatura que está en contacto con el primero. La propiedad física de los materiales que determina su capacidad para conducir el calor es la conductividad térmica. La propiedad inversa de la conductividad térmica es la resistividad térmica, que es la capacidad de los materiales para oponerse al paso del calor. La transmisión de calor por conducción, entre dos cuerpos o entre diferentes partes de un cuerpo, es el intercambio de energía interna, que es una combinación de la energía cinética y energía potencial de sus partículas microscópicas: moléculas, átomos y electrones. La conductividad térmica de la materia depende de su estructura microscópica: en un fluido se debe principalmente a colisiones aleatorias de las moléculas; en un sólido depende del intercambio de electrones libres (principalmente en metales) o de los modos de vibración de sus partículas microscópicas (dominante en los materiales no metálicos). Para el caso simplificado de flujo de calor estacionario en una sola dirección, el calor transmitido es proporcional al área perpendicular al flujo de calor, a la conductividad del material y a la diferencia de temperatura, y es inversamente proporcional al espesor: donde: es el calor transmitido por unidad de tiempo. (o ) es la conductividad térmica. es el área de la superficie de contacto. es la diferencia de temperatura entre el foco caliente y el frío. es el espesor del material.

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Thermal conduction is the transfer of heat (internal energy) by microscopic collisions of particles and movement of electrons within a body. The microscopically colliding objects, that include molecules, atoms, and electrons, transfer disorganized microscopic kinetic and potential energy, jointly known as internal energy. Conduction takes place in all phases of matter, such as solids, liquids, gases and plasmas. The rate at which energy is conducted as heat between two bodies is a function of the temperature difference (temperature gradient) between the two bodies and the properties of the conductive medium through which the heat is transferred. Thermal conduction was originally called diffusion. Heat spontaneously flows from a hotter to a colder body. For example, heat is conducted from the hotplate of an electric stove to the bottom of a saucepan in contact with it. In the absence of an external driving energy source to the contrary, within a body or between bodies, temperature differences decay over time, and thermal equilibrium is approached, temperature becoming more uniform. In conduction, the heat flow is within and through the body itself. In contrast, in heat transfer by thermal radiation, the transfer is often between bodies, which may be separated spatially. Also possible is transfer of heat by a combination of conduction and thermal radiation. In convection, internal energy is carried between bodies by a moving material carrier. In solids, conduction is mediated by the combination of vibrations and collisions of molecules, of propagation and collisions of phonons, and of diffusion and collisions of free electrons. In gases and liquids, conduction is due to the collisions and diffusion of molecules during their random motion. Photons in this context do not collide with one another, and so heat transport by electromagnetic radiation is conceptually distinct from heat conduction by microscopic diffusion and collisions of material particles and phonons. But the distinction is often not easily observed, unless the material is semi-transparent. In the engineering sciences, heat transfer includes the processes of thermal radiation, convection, and sometimes mass transfer. Usually, more than one of these processes occurs in a given situation. The conventional symbol for the material property, thermal conductivity, is .

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