La fibra de carbono es una fibra sintética constituida por finos filamentos de 5–10 μm de diámetro y compuesto principalmente por carbono. Cada fibra de carbono es la unión de miles de filamentos de carbono. Se trata de una fibra sintética porque se fabrica a partir del poliacrilonitrilo. Tiene propiedades mecánicas similares al acero y es tan ligera como la madera o el plástico. Por su dureza tiene mayor resistencia al impacto que el acero. La principal aplicación es la fabricación de materiales compuestos, en la mayoría de los casos —aproximadamente un 75%— con polímeros termoestables. El polímero es habitualmente resina epoxi, de tipo termoestable aunque también puede asociarse a otros polímeros, como el poliéster o el viniléster.

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Carbon fibers or carbon fibres (alternatively CF, graphite fiber or graphite fibre) are fibers about 5–10 micrometres in diameter and composed mostly of carbon atoms. To produce a carbon fiber, the carbon atoms are bonded together in crystals that are more or less aligned parallel to the long axis of the fiber as the crystal alignment gives the fiber high strength-to-volume ratio (making it strong for its size). Several thousand carbon fibers are bundled together to form a tow, which may be used by itself or woven into a fabric. The properties of carbon fibers, such as high stiffness, high tensile strength, low weight, high chemical resistance, high temperature tolerance and low thermal expansion, make them very popular in aerospace, civil engineering, military, and motorsports, along with other competition sports. However, they are relatively expensive when compared with similar fibers, such as glass fibers or plastic fibers. Carbon fibers are usually combined with other materials to form a composite. When combined with a plastic resin and wound or molded it forms carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (often referred to as carbon fiber) which has a very high strength-to-weight ratio, and is extremely rigid although somewhat brittle. However, carbon fibers are also composited with other materials, such as with graphite to form carbon-carbon composites, which have a very high heat tolerance.

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