Los glúcidos, carbohidratos, hidratos de carbono o sacáridos son biomoléculas compuestas por carbono, hidrógeno y oxígeno, cuyas principales funciones en los seres vivos son el brindar energía inmediata y estructural. La glucosa y el glucógeno son las formas biológicas primarias de almacenamiento y consumo de energía; la celulosa cumple con una función estructural al formar parte de la pared de las células vegetales, mientras que la quitina es el principal constituyente del exoesqueleto de los artrópodos. El término "hidrato de carbono" o "carbohidrato" es poco apropiado, ya que estas moléculas no son átomos de carbono hidratados, es decir, enlazados a moléculas de agua, sino que constan de átomos de carbono unidos a otros grupos funcionales como carbonilo e hidroxilo. Este nombre proviene de la nomenclatura química del siglo XIX, ya que las primeras sustancias aisladas respondían a la fórmula elemental Cn(H2O)n (donde "n" es un entero ≥ 3). De aquí que el término "carbono-hidratado" se haya mantenido, si bien posteriormente se demostró que no lo eran. Además, los textos científicos anglosajones insisten en denominarlos carbohydrates lo que induce a pensar que este es su nombre correcto. Del mismo modo, en dietética, se usa con más frecuencia la denominación de carbohidratos. Los glúcidos pueden sufrir reacciones de esterificación, aminación, reducción, oxidación, lo cual otorga a cada una de las estructuras una propiedad específica, como puede ser de solubilidad.

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A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water); in other words, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n). Some exceptions exist; for example, deoxyribose, a sugar component of DNA, has the empirical formula C5H10O4. Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon; structurally it is more accurate to view them as polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide, a group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. The saccharides are divided into four chemical groups: monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. In general, the monosaccharides and disaccharides, which are smaller (lower molecular weight) carbohydrates, are commonly referred to as sugars. The word saccharide comes from the Greek word σάκχαρον (sákkharon), meaning "sugar". While the scientific nomenclature of carbohydrates is complex, the names of the monosaccharides and disaccharides very often end in the suffix -ose. For example, grape sugar is the monosaccharide glucose, cane sugar is the disaccharide sucrose, and milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose (see illustration). Carbohydrates perform numerous roles in living organisms. Polysaccharides serve for the storage of energy (e.g. starch and glycogen) and as structural components (e.g. cellulose in plants and chitin in arthropods). The 5-carbon monosaccharide ribose is an important component of coenzymes (e.g. ATP, FAD and NAD) and the backbone of the genetic molecule known as RNA. The related deoxyribose is a component of DNA. Saccharides and their derivatives include many other important biomolecules that play key roles in the immune system, fertilization, preventing pathogenesis, blood clotting, and development. In food science and in many informal contexts, the term carbohydrate often means any food that is particularly rich in the complex carbohydrate starch (such as cereals, bread and pasta) or simple carbohydrates, such as sugar (found in candy, jams, and desserts). Often in lists of nutritional information, such as the USDA National Nutrient Database, the term "carbohydrate" (or "carbohydrate by difference") is used for everything other than water, protein, fat, ash, and ethanol. This will include chemical compounds such as acetic or lactic acid, which are not normally considered carbohydrates. It also includes "dietary fiber" which is a carbohydrate but which does not contribute much in the way of food energy (calories), even though it is often included in the calculation of total food energy just as though it were a sugar.

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