La fusión de núcleo es el término por el que se designa a un tipo de accidente grave en un reactor nuclear, en el que el combustible cambia de estado sólido a líquido por efecto del calentamiento del combustible; este puede ser debido a un aumento de potencia o la imposibilidad de ser refrigerado. No debe confundirse con el término fusión nuclear, cuyo significado hace referencia a la unión de átomos. La fusión de núcleo ocurre cuando los sistemas de seguridad de una central nuclear fallan y provocan que la reacción nuclear deje de ser controlada, conllevando que la temperatura dentro del núcleo de la central aumente vertiginosamente y pueda provocar la fusión de los materiales radiactivos, usualmente uranio o plutonio. La fusión de núcleo es el accidente más temido, debido a que puede provocar el colapso de la estructura del núcleo, y con ello expulsar gran cantidad de materiales radiactivos al medio ambiente si hay algún tipo de explosión o si se filtran al subsuelo. Evidentemente, una fusión de núcleo implica, casi con total seguridad, la destrucción del reactor y la imposibilidad de su reparación.

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"Nuclear meltdown" is an informal term for a severe nuclear reactor accident that results in core damage from overheating. The term is not officially defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency or by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. However, it has been defined to mean the accidental melting of the core of a nuclear reactor, and is in common usage a reference to the core's either complete or partial collapse. "Core melt accident" and "partial core melt" are the analogous technical terms for a meltdown. A core melt accident occurs when the heat generated by a nuclear reactor exceeds the heat removed by the cooling systems to the point where at least one nuclear fuel element exceeds its melting point. This differs from a fuel element failure, which is not caused by high temperatures. A meltdown may be caused by a loss of coolant, loss of coolant pressure, or low coolant flow rate or be the result of a criticality excursion in which the reactor is operated at a power level that exceeds its design limits. Alternately, in a reactor plant such as the RBMK-1000, an external fire may endanger the core, leading to a meltdown. Once the fuel elements of a reactor begin to melt, the fuel cladding has been breached, and the nuclear fuel (such as uranium, plutonium, or thorium) and fission products (such as cesium-137, krypton-85, or iodine-131) within the fuel elements can leach out into the coolant. Subsequent failures can permit these radioisotopes to breach further layers of containment. Superheated steam and hot metal inside the core can lead to fuel-coolant interactions, hydrogen explosions, or water hammer, any of which could destroy parts of the containment. A meltdown is considered very serious because of the potential for radioactive materials to breach all containment and escape (or be released) into the environment, resulting in radioactive contamination and fallout, and potentially leading to radiation poisoning of people and animals nearby.

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