El síndrome de descompresión es el término empleado para denominar a la enfermedad aguda conocida en medicina como embolia gaseosa producida por una disminución brusca de la presión atmosférica. Esta enfermedad se caracteriza por la aparición de pequeñas burbujas e inflamación a nivel subcutáneo, pero el síntoma inequívoco es la aparición de un fortísimo dolor, que afecta a diversas partes del cuerpo. Ciertas regiones corporales pueden sufrir parálisis transitoria y en ocasiones se producen lesiones permanentes e incluso la muerte. Este síndrome de descompresión también es conocido como "enfermedad de los buzos" o "mal de presión".

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Decompression sickness (DCS; also known as divers' disease, the bends or caisson disease) describes a condition arising from dissolved gases coming out of solution into bubbles inside the body on depressurisation. DCS most commonly refers to problems arising from underwater diving decompression (i.e., during ascent), but may be experienced in other depressurisation events such as working in a caisson, flying in an unpressurised aircraft, and extravehicular activity from spacecraft. Since bubbles can form in or migrate to any part of the body, DCS can produce many symptoms, and its effects may vary from joint pain and rashes to paralysis and death. Individual susceptibility can vary from day to day, and different individuals under the same conditions may be affected differently or not at all. The classification of types of DCS by its symptoms has evolved since its original description over a hundred years ago. Exposure to DCS on diving can be managed through proper decompression procedures and contracting it is now uncommon. Its potential severity has driven much research to prevent it and divers universally use dive tables or dive computers to limit their exposure and to control their ascent speed. If DCS is contracted, it is treated by hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a recompression chamber. If treated early, there is a significantly higher chance of successful recovery. DCS is a subset of Decompression illness (DCI) which includes both DCS and Arterial gas embolism (AGE).

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