Los mamíferos marinos son un grupo variado de aproximadamente 130 especies de mamíferos que se han adaptado a la vida en el mar o dependen de él para su alimentación. El término mamífero marino no designa a un conjunto taxonómico preciso. En este grupo se incluyen los cetáceos (ballenas, delfines y marsopas), los sirenios (manatíes y dugongos), los pinnipedos (focas verdaderas, otarios y morsas) y algunas nutrias (la nutria marina y el gato de mar). El oso polar, aunque no es un animal acuático, también se suele agrupar con los mamíferos marinos debido a que vive en los hielos marinos durante todo o la mayor parte del año y a su alto grado de adaptación a la vida en el mar. Los mamíferos marinos adquirieron distintos rasgos para adaptarse a la vida en el mar, como un tamaño generalmente mayor, forma corporal hidrodinámica, modificaron apéndices y experimentaron adaptaciones termoregulatorias. Las diferentes especies, sin embargo, se adaptaron a la vida marítima en distintos grados. Los más adaptados son los cetáceos y los sirenios, cuyo ciclo de vida discurre totalmente en el agua, mientras que los demás grupos pasan al menos algún tiempo en tierra. A pesar de que los mamíferos marinos son una megafauna carismática y que cuenta con el apoyo de grupos ecologistas, muchas poblaciones son vulnerables o están en peligro de extinción debido a una larga historia de explotación comercial para obtener grasa, aceite, carne, marfil y piel. La mayor parte de las especies de mamíferos marinos se encuentran protegidas frente a la explotación comercial.

es.wikipedia.org · CC-BY-SA

Marine mammals are aquatic mammals that rely on the ocean and other marine ecosystems for their existence. They include animals such as seals, whales, manatees, sea otters and polar bears. They do not represent a distinct taxon or systematic grouping, but rather have a paraphyletic relation. They are also unified by their reliance on the marine environment for feeding. Marine mammal adaptation to an aquatic lifestyle vary considerably between species. Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate water dwellers. Seals and sea-lions are semiaquatic; they spend the majority of their time in the water, but need to return to land for important activities such as mating, breeding and molting. In contrast, both otters and the polar bear are much less adapted to aquatic living. Their diet varies considerably as well; some may eat zooplankton, others may eat fish, squid, shellfish, sea-grass and a few may eat other mammals. While the number of marine mammals is small compared to those found on land, their roles in various ecosystems are large, especially concerning the maintanence of marine ecosystems, through processes including the regulation of prey populations. This role in maintaining ecosystems makes them of particular concern as 23% of marine mammal species are currently threatened. Marine mammals were first hunted by aboriginal peoples for food and other resources. Many were also the target for commercial industry, leading to a sharp decline in all populations of exploited species, such as whales and seals. Commercial hunting lead to the extinction of †Steller's sea cow and the †Caribbean monk seal. After commercial hunting ended, some species, such as the gray whale and northern elephant seal, have rebounded in numbers; conversely, other species, such as the North Atlantic right whale, are critically endangered. Other than hunting, marine mammals can be killed as bycatch from fisheries, where they become entangled in fixed netting and drown or starve. Increased ocean traffic causes collisions between fast ocean vessels and large marine mammals. Habitat degradation also threatens marine mammals and their ability to find and catch food. Noise pollution, for example, may adversely affect echolocating mammals, and the ongoing effects of global warming degrade arctic environments.

en.wikipedia.org · CC-BY-SA