La hidrocefalia (término que deriva de las palabras griegas «hidro» que significa agua y «céfalo» que significa cabeza) es un trastorno cuya principal característica es la acumulación excesiva de líquido cefalorraquídeo en el cerebro. Esta se conocía antiguamente como "agua en el cerebro", aunque este líquido no es agua sino que es líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR), un líquido transparente que rodea el cerebro y la médula espinal. La acumulación excesiva de líquido cefalorraquídeo tiene como consecuencia una dilatación anormal de los espacios en el cerebro llamados ventrículos. Esta dilatación ocasiona una presión potencialmente perjudicial en los tejidos del cerebro, generalmente el aumento del líquido en los ventrículos cerebrales es producido por la obstrucción de los conductos situados por debajo del cerebelo.

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Hydrocephalus is a condition in which there is an abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the brain. This typically causes increased pressure inside the skull. Older people may have headaches, double vision, poor balance, urinary incontinence, personality changes, or mental impairment. In babies there may be a rapid increase in head size. Other symptoms may include vomiting, sleepiness, seizures, and downward pointing of the eyes. Hydrocephalus can occur due to birth defects or be acquired later in life. Associated birth defects include neural tube defects and those that result in aqueductal stenosis. Other causes include meningitis, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, intraventricular hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. There are four types of hydrocephalus: communicating, non-communicating, ex-vacuo, and normal pressure. Diagnosis is typically by examination and medical imaging. Hydrocephalus is typically treated by the surgical placement of a shunt system. A procedure called a third ventriculostomy may be an option in a few people. Complications from shunts may include overdrainage, underdrainage, mechanical failure, infection, or obstruction. This may require replacement. Outcomes are variable; however, many live normal lives. Without treatment death may occur. About one to two per 1,000 newborns have hydrocephalus. Rates in the developing world may be more. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is estimated to affect about 5 per 100,000 people with rates increasing with age. Description of hydrocephalus by Hippocrates date back more than 2000 years. The word "hydrocephalus" is from from Greek hydro-, meaning "water", and kephalos, meaning "head".

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