Energía hidráulica, energía hídrica o hidroenergía es aquella que se obtiene del aprovechamiento de las energías cinética y potencial de la corriente del agua, saltos de agua o mareas. Se puede transformar a muy diferentes escalas. Existen, desde hace siglos, pequeñas explotaciones en las que la corriente de un río, con una pequeña represa, mueve una rueda de palas y genera un movimiento aplicado, por ejemplo, en molinos rurales. Sin embargo, la utilización más significativa la constituyen las centrales hidroeléctricas de represas. Es generalmente considerada un tipo de energía renovable puesto que no emite productos contaminantes. Sin embargo, produce un gran impacto ambiental debido a la construcción de las presas, que inundan grandes superficies de terreno y modifican el caudal del río y la calidad del agua.

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Hydropower or water power (from the Greek: ύδωρ, "water" ) is power derived from the energy of falling water or fast running water, which may be harnessed for useful purposes. Since ancient times, hydropower from many kinds of watermills has been used as a renewable energy source for irrigation and the operation of various mechanical devices, such as gristmills, sawmills, textile mills, trip hammers, dock cranes, domestic lifts, and ore mills. A trompe, which produces compressed air from falling water, is sometimes used to power other machinery at a distance. In the late 19th century, hydropower became a source for generating electricity. Cragside in Northumberland was the first house powered by hydroelectricity in 1878 and the first commercial hydroelectric power plant was built at Niagara Falls in 1879. In 1881, street lamps in the city of Niagara Falls were powered by hydropower. Since the early 20th century, the term has been used almost exclusively in conjunction with the modern development of hydroelectric power. International institutions such as the World Bank view hydropower as a means for economic development without adding substantial amounts of carbon to the atmosphere,but dams can have significant negative social and environmental impacts.

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