Música folk es un término de origen anglosajón utilizado en lengua castellana generalmente para referirse a la música folclórica moderna. En algunos contextos, por influencia del sentido en lengua inglesa de la folk music, su significado se extiende a toda la música folclórica, tanto la tradicional como la más moderna basada en aquella. Los artistas de folk pueden emplear temas musicales folclóricos ya existentes haciéndoles un arreglo musical o bien tomar simplemente el estilo y crear sus propios temas originales. Es también característico de la música folk emplear instrumentos típicos de cada región, como puede ser el banjo, el violín o la armónica en Estados Unidos, el violín, bodhrán y el tin whistle en Irlanda, la gaita en Escocia, Galicia o Asturias, el acordeón en Francia o en Italia, la gralla y la dulzaina en Valencia y Cataluña, la trikitixa en el País Vasco, la zampoña en Perú, Colombia o Ecuador, etc.

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Contemporary folk music refers to a wide variety of genres that emerged in the early 20th century which were associated with traditional folk music. Starting in the mid-20th century a new form of popular folk music evolved from traditional folk music. This process and period is called the (second) folk revival and reached a zenith in the 1960s. The most common name for this new form of music is also "folk music", but is often called "contemporary folk music" or "folk revival music" to make the distinction. This type of folk music also includes fusion genres such as folk rock, electric folk, and others. While contemporary folk music is a genre generally distinct from traditional folk music, it often shares the same English name, performers and venues as traditional folk music; even individual songs may be a blend of the two. While the Romantic nationalism of the folk revival had its greatest influence on art-music, the "second folk revival" of the later 20th century brought a new genre of popular music with artists marketed through concerts, recordings and broadcasting. One of the earliest figures in this revival was Woody Guthrie, who sang traditional songs in the 1930s and 1940s as well as composing his own. In the United Kingdom, the folk revival fostered a generation of singer-songwriters such as Donovan, who achieved initial prominence in the 1960s. The folk revival spawned Canada's first true wave of internationally successful artists such as Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Joni Mitchell, and Buffy Sainte-Marie. Major performers who emerged from the 1940s to the early 1960s included Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, and Bob Dylan. The mid-1960s through the early 1970s was associated with large musical, political, lifestyle, and counterculture changes. Folk music underwent a related rapid evolution, expansion and diversification at that same time. Major changes occurred through the evolution of established performers such as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez, Judy Collins, The Seekers and Peter Paul and Mary, and also through the creation of new fusion genres with rock and pop. During this period, the term "protest music" was often used to characterize folk music with topical political themes. The Canadian performers Gordon Lightfoot, Leonard Cohen, Bruce Cockburn and Joni Mitchell represented such fusions and enjoyed great popularity in the U.S..The late 1960s saw the advent of electric folk groups, a form of folk rock. Starting in the 1970s folk music was fueled by new singer-songwriters such as Joni Mitchell and John Denver. Other subgenres of folk include anti folk, folk punk (e.g., the Irish band The Pogues in the 1980s), indie folk, folktronica, freak folk and Americana and fusion genres such as folk metal, progressive folk, psychedelic folk, and neofolk.

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