Matrilinaje es un sistema de linaje en el que la adscripción del individuo se realiza por vía materna, por lo que los ancestros familiares principales son parientes de la madre. En muchas sociedades con matrilinealidad el nombre familiar, las propiedades familiares y las herencias provienen de la familia de la madre, tías y abuela. Los hijos de los varones quedan adscritos a la familia de la madre de los hijos no a la del padre. La sucesión fraternal (modo sucesorio en el cual un hermano sucede a otro) suele ser matrilineal (es decir, sucede un hermano materno), así como la sucesión a través del hijo varón de una hermana (régimen sucesorio empleado, por ejemplo, por los antiguos Ashanti), si bien la sucesión fraternal también puede ser patrilineal (sucesión a través de un hermano paterno). Otra forma sucesoria obviamente matrilineal es aquella en la que una hija sucede a su madre.

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Matrilineality is the tracing of descent through the female line. It may also correlate with a societal system in which each person is identified with their matriline – their mother's lineage – and which can involve the inheritance of property and/or titles. A matriline is a line of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant (of either sex) in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers – in other words, a "mother line". In a matrilineal descent system, an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as her or his mother. This matrilineal descent pattern is in contrast to the more common pattern of patrilineal descent from which a family name is usually derived. The matriline of historical nobility was also called her or his enatic or uterine ancestry, corresponding to the patrilineal or "agnatic" ancestry. In some traditional societies and cultures, membership in their groups was – and, in the following list, still is if shown in italics – inherited matrilineally. Examples include the Cherokee, Choctaw, Gitksan, Haida, Hopi, Iroquois, Lenape, Navajo and Tlingit of North America; the Minangkabau people of West Sumatra, Indonesia and Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia; the Nairs of Kerala and the Bunts and Billava of Karnataka in south India; the Khasi, Jaintia and Garo of Meghalaya in northeast India; Muslims and the Tamils in eastern Sri Lanka; the Mosuo of China; the Basques of Spain and France; the Akan including the Ashanti of west Africa; virtually all groups across the so-called "matrilineal belt" of Central Africa; the Tuareg of west and north Africa; the Kuna people of Panama; the Serer of Senegal, The Gambia and Mauritania; and most Jewish communities.

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