La legitimidad, es un término utilizado en la teoría del Derecho, en la ciencia política y en filosofía que define la cualidad de ser conforme a un mandato legal. En ciencia política es el concepto con el que se enjuicia la capacidad de un poder para obtener obediencia sin necesidad de recurrir a la coacción que supone la amenaza de la fuerza, de tal forma que un Estado es legítimo si existe un consenso entre los miembros de la comunidad política para aceptar la autoridad vigente. En este sentido el término tiene sus orígenes en el derecho privado sucesorio y aparece vinculado a la política en relación con la restauración monárquica tras la Revolución francesa. Esta apelación inicial a criterios tradicionales como justificación ética del ejercicio personal del poder es aceptada por Max Weber como uno de los tres tipos de legitimidad junto con la legitimación carismática (los subordinados aceptan el poder basándose en la santidad, heroísmo o ejemplaridad de quien lo ejerce) y la legitimación racional (los subordinados aceptan el poder de acuerdo con motivaciones objetivas e impersonales); convirtiéndola prácticamente en sinónimo de legalidad.

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In political science, legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority, usually a governing law or a régime. Whereas "authority" denotes a specific position in an established government, the term "legitimacy" denotes a system of government — wherein "government" denotes "sphere of influence". An authority viewed as legitimate often has the right and justification to exercise power. Political legitimacy is considered a basic condition for governing, without which a government will suffer legislative deadlock(s) and collapse. In political systems where this is not the case, unpopular régimes survive because they are considered legitimate by a small, influential élite. In Chinese political philosophy, since the historical period of the Zhou Dynasty (1046–256 BC), the political legitimacy of a ruler and government was derived from the Mandate of Heaven, and unjust rulers who lost said mandate therefore lost the right to rule the people. In moral philosophy, the term "legitimacy" is often positively interpreted as the normative status conferred by a governed people upon their governors' institutions, offices, and actions, based upon the belief that their government's actions are appropriate uses of power by a legally constituted government. The Enlightenment-era British social philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) said that political legitimacy derives from popular explicit and implicit consent of the governed: "The argument of the [Second] Treatise is that the government is not legitimate unless it is carried on with the consent of the governed." The German political philosopher Dolf Sternberger said that "[l]egitimacy is the foundation of such governmental power as is exercised, both with a consciousness on the government's part that it has a right to govern, and with some recognition by the governed of that right." The American political sociologist Seymour Martin Lipset said that legitimacy also "involves the capacity of a political system to engender and maintain the belief that existing political institutions are the most appropriate and proper ones for the society." The American political scientist Robert A. Dahl explained legitimacy as a reservoir; so long as the water is at a given level, political stability is maintained, if it falls below the required level, political legitimacy is endangered.

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