Los ácidos nucleicos son grandes polímeros formados por la repetición de monómeros denominados nucleótidos, unidos mediante enlaces fosfodiéster. Se forman largas cadenas; algunas moléculas de ácidos nucleicos llegan a alcanzar tamaños gigantescos, de millones de nucleótidos encadenados. Existen dos tipos básicos, el ADN y el ARN. El descubrimiento de los ácidos nucleicos se debe a Johann Friedrich Miescher, que en el año 1869 aisló los núcleos de las células una sustancia ácida a la que llamó nucleína, nombre que posteriormente se cambió a ácido nucleico. Posteriormente, en 1953, James Watson y Francis Crick descubrieron la estructura del ADN, empleando la técnica de difracción de rayos X.

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Nucleic acids are biopolymers, or large biomolecules, essential for all known forms of life. Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA. When all three components are combined, they form a nucleotide. Nucleotides are also known as phosphate nucleotides. Nucleic acids are among the most important biological macromolecules (others being amino acids-proteins, sugars-carbohydrates, and lipids-fats). They are found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information. In other words, information is conveyed through the nucleic acid sequence, or the order of nucleotides within a DNA or RNA molecule. Strings of nucleotides strung together in a specific sequence are the mechanism for storing and transmitting hereditary, or genetic information via protein synthesis.

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