El Antiguo Testamento es —según el canon cristiano— la primera parte de la Biblia. Contiene el Pentateuco, y otras series de libros históricos, sapienciales y proféticos. En total se numeran en el Antiguo Testamento 39 libros en la versión protestante, 46 libros en la versión de la Iglesia católica, y 51 libros en la de la Iglesia ortodoxa. Las denominaciones de Biblia y de Antiguo Testamento (que presupone la existencia de un Nuevo Testamento) nunca fueron usadas por los judíos de habla hebrea, y tampoco por algunas confesiones cristianas. Los judíos dividen los libros del Tanaj en tres grupos distintos: Torá (la Ley), Neviim (los Profetas) y Ketuvim (los Hagiógrafos). El grupo denominado testigos de Jehová prefiere la expresión Escrituras Hebreas para referirse a esta colección de libros.

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The Old Testament is the first section of the Christian Bible, based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible, a collection of religious writings by ancient Israelites believed by most Christians and Jews to be the sacred Word of God. It is the counterpart to the New Testament, the second portion of the Christian Bible. The Old Testament canon varies between Christian Churches. Protestants have a version with 39 books. Catholics have a version with 46 books, and Eastern Orthodox, and Oriental Orthodox Churches choose the Old Testament version with 49 books. The Old Testament consists of many distinct books written, compiled, and edited by various authors over a period of centuries. It is not entirely clear at what point the parameters of the Hebrew Bible, the basis for the Christian Old Testament, were fixed. Some scholars have opined that the canon of the Hebrew Bible was established already by about the 3rd century BC, with others suggesting later dates. Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections: 1) the first five books or Pentateuch (Torah); 2) the history books telling the history of the Israelites, from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon; 3) the poetic and "Wisdom" books dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world; 4) and the books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God.

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