El Paleolítico (del griego παλαιός, palaiós: ‘antiguo’, y λίθος, lithos: ‘piedra’) significa etimológicamente piedra antigua, término creado por el arqueólogo John Lubbock en 1865 en contraposición al de Neolítico (Edad moderna de la piedra). Es el periodo más largo de la existencia del ser humano (de hecho abarca un 99 % de la misma) y se extiende desde hace unos 2,85 millones de años (en África) hasta hace unos 12 000 años. Constituye, junto con el Mesolítico/Epipaleolítico (fases de transición) y el Neolítico, la llamada Edad de Piedra, denominada así porque la elaboración de utensilios líticos ha servido a los arqueólogos para caracterizarla (en oposición a la posterior Edad de los Metales). Aunque esta etapa se identifica con el uso de útiles de piedra tallada, también se utilizaron otras materias primas orgánicas para construir diversos artefactos: hueso, asta, madera, cuero, fibras vegetales, etc. Durante la mayor parte del Paleolítico inferior las herramientas líticas eran gruesas, pesadas, toscas y difíciles de manejar, pero a lo largo del tiempo fueron haciéndose cada vez más ligeras, pequeñas y eficientes. El hombre del Paleolítico era nómada, es decir, su vida estaba caracterizada por un desplazamiento continuo o periódico (estacional).

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The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic; pronunciation: /ˌpeɪliəˈlɪθɪk, ˌpæ-, -lioʊ-/) Age, Era or Period is a prehistoric period of human history distinguished by the development of the most primitive stone tools discovered (Grahame Clark's Modes I and II), and covers roughly 95% of human technological prehistory. It extends from the earliest known use of stone tools, probably by Homo habilis initially, 2.6 million years ago, to the end of the Pleistocene around 10,000 BP. The Paleolithic era is followed in the Mesolithic. The date of the Paleolithic–Mesolithic boundary may vary by locality as much as several thousand years.During the Paleolithic period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and fishing, hunting or scavenging wild animals. The Paleolithic is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Other organic commodities were adapted for use as tools, including leather and vegetable fibers; however, due to their nature, these have not been preserved to any great degree. Surviving artifacts of the Paleolithic era are known as paleoliths. About 50,000 years ago, there was a marked increase in the diversity of artifacts. For the first time in Africa, bone artifacts and the first art appear in the archeological record. The first evidence of human fishing is also noted, from artifacts in places such as Blombos cave in South Africa. Firstly among the artifacts of Africa, archeologists found they could differentiate and classify those of less than 50,000 years into many different categories, such as projectile points, engraving tools, knife blades, and drilling and piercing tools. The new technology generated a population explosion of modern humans which is believed to have led to the extinction of the Neanderthals. Humankind gradually evolved from early members of the genus Homo such as Homo habilis – who used simple stone tools – into fully behaviorally and anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) during the Paleolithic era. During the end of the Paleolithic, specifically the Middle and or Upper Paleolithic, humans began to produce the earliest works of art and engage in religious and spiritual behavior such as burial and ritual. The climate during the Paleolithic consisted of a set of glacial and interglacial periods in which the climate periodically fluctuated between warm and cool temperatures. Archaeological and genetic data suggest that the source populations of Paleolithic humans survived in sparsely wooded areas and dispersed through areas of high primary productivity while avoiding dense forest cover. By 40,000-50,000 BP, first humans set foot in Australia. By 45,000 BP, humans lived at 61° north latitude in Europe. By 30,000 BP, Japan was reached, and by 27,000 BP humans were present in Siberia above the Arctic Circle. At the end of the Upper Paleolithic, a group of humans crossed the Bering land bridge and quickly expanded throughout the Americas. The term "Paleolithic" was coined by archaeologist John Lubbock in 1865. It derives from Greek: παλαιός, palaios, "old"; and λίθος, lithos, "stone", meaning "old age of the stone" or "Old Stone Age."

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