La esterilización forzosa o esterilización forzada es aquella esterilización que se produce en una o más personas sin su consentimiento ni justificación médica o clínica, con intención eugenésica, punitiva o anticonceptiva forzosa. A lo largo del siglo XX y XXI numerosos países han desarrollado programas de esterilización forzada, normalmente en mujeres, como parte de sus políticas gubernamentales, en el propio país o en otros.

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Compulsory sterilization, also known as forced or coerced sterilization, programs are government policies which attempt to force people to undergo surgical or other sterilization. The reasons governments implement sterilization programs vary in purpose and intent. In the first half of the 20th century, several such programs were instituted in countries around the world, usually as part of eugenics programs intended to prevent the reproduction of members of the population considered to be carriers of defective genetic traits. Other bases for compulsory sterilization have included general population growth management, sex discrimination, "sex-normalizing" surgeries of intersex persons, limiting the spread of HIV, and reducing the population of ethnic groups. The last is counted as an act of genocide under the Statute of Rome. Some countries require transgender people to undergo sterilization before gaining legal recognition of their gender, a practice that the United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment cites as a violation of the Yogyakarta Principles. Compulsory sterilization has been proposed as a means of human population planning.

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