Ciencia política, teoría política y politología son distintas denominaciones de una ciencia social que estudia la teoría y práctica de la política, los sistemas y comportamientos políticos en la sociedad. Su objetivo es establecer, a partir de la observación de hechos de la realidad política, principios generales acerca de su funcionamiento. Interactúa con otras ciencias sociales, como la economía o la sociología, entre otras. Emplea como herramientas metodológicas las propias de las ciencias sociales. Entre los diferentes acercamientos posibles a la disciplina están el institucionalismo o la teoría de la elección racional. Históricamente ha tenido su origen en la filosofía política.

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Political science is a social science discipline that deals with systems of government, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts and political behaviour. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics which is commonly thought of as determining of the distribution of power and resources. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works." Political science is related to and draws upon the fields of economics, law, sociology, history, philosophy, geography, psychology, and anthropology. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when the contemporary form of the academic social sciences was established, the study of political science has ancient roots that can be traced back to the works of Aristotle, Plato, and Chanakya which were written nearly 2,500 years ago. Political science usually comprises the sub-disciplines of comparative politics, international political economy, international relations, political theory, public administration, public law and political methodology. Comparative politics is the science of comparison and teaching of different types of constitutions, political actors, legislature and associated fields, all of them from an intrastate perspective. International relations deals with the interaction between nation-states as well as intergovernmental and transnational organizations. Political theory is more concerned with contributions of various classical and contemporary thinkers and philosophers. Political science is methodologically diverse and appropriates many methods originating in social research. Approaches include positivism, interpretivism, rational choice theory, behaviouralism, structuralism, post-structuralism, realism, institutionalism, and pluralism. Political science, as one of the social sciences, uses methods and techniques that relate to the kinds of inquiries sought: primary sources such as historical documents and official records, secondary sources such as scholarly journal articles, survey research, statistical analysis, case studies, experimental research and model building.

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