Se entiende por explotación social una relación social aceptada o legitimada ya sea por las costumbres o las leyes, en la cual algunas personas —generalmente definidas como miembros de alguna categoría o jerarquía o que poseen un estatus o rol social especifico— son abusadas o utilizadas a beneficio de otros debido a su pertenencia a tal categoría o estatus.

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Exploitation refers to social relations where an "actor or character of actors uses others for their own end because of a fundamentally asymmetric power relationship between them". When speaking about exploitation there is a direct affiliation with consumption in social theory. Traditionally, this would label exploitation as unfairly taking advantage of another person because of his or her inferior position, giving the exploiter the power. Karl Marx, who is considered the most classical and influential theorist of exploitation, did not share the same traditional account of exploitation. Marx's theory explicitly rejects the moral framing characteristic of the notion of exploitation, and restricts the concept to the field of labour relations. In analyzing exploitation, many political economists are often stuck between the explanation of the exploitation of labour given by Marx and Adam Smith.

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