Una central hidroeléctrica reversible es una central hidroeléctrica que además de poder transformar la energía potencial del agua en electricidad, tiene la capacidad de hacerlo a la inversa, es decir, aumentar la energía potencial del agua (por ejemplo subiéndola a un embalse) consumiendo para ello energía eléctrica. De esta manera puede utilizarse como un método de almacenamiento de energía (una especie de batería gigante). Están concebidas para satisfacer la demanda energética en horas pico y almacenar energía en horas valle. Aunque lo habitual es que esta centrales turbinen/bombeen el agua entre dos embalse a distinta altura, existe un caso particular llamado centrales de bombeo puro donde el embalse superior se sustituye por un gran depósito cuya única aportación de agua es la que se bombea del embalse inferior.

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Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. Low-cost off-peak electric power is used to run the pumps. During periods of high electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to produce electric power. Although the losses of the pumping process makes the plant a net consumer of energy overall, the system increases revenue by selling more electricity during periods of peak demand, when electricity prices are highest. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity allows energy from time-inflexible sources (such as nuclear, solar, and wind) to be saved for periods of higher demand. Pumped storage is the largest-capacity form of grid energy storage available, and, as of March 2012, the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) reports that PSH accounts for more than 99% of bulk production capacity worldwide, representing around 127 GW, with storage capacity at 740 TWh. Typically, the round-trip energy efficiency of PSH varies in practice between 70% and 80%, with some claiming up to 87%. The main disadvantage of PHS is the specialist nature of the site required, needing both geographical height and water availability. Suitable sites are therefore likely to be in hilly or mountainous regions, and potentially in areas of outstanding natural beauty, and therefore there are also social and ecological issues to overcome.

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