Inoculación en biología es ubicar algo que crecerá y se reproducirá, y comúnmente se utiliza esta con respecto a la introducción de suero sanguíneo, una vacuna o una sustancia antígeno dentro del cuerpo de un humano o de un animal, especialmente para producir inmunidad a una enfermedad específica. También se puede utilizar este término para referirse a la comunicación (encomendar) de una enfermedad a un organismo vivo por transferencia del agente causal en el organismo, la implantación de microorganismos o material infeccioso a un medio de cultivo como puede ser en la fabricación de cerveza o una placa Petri, o poner microorganismos o virus en el lugar donde la infección es posible. El verbo inocular proviene del latín inoculare y significa injertar. Actualmente los términos inoculación, vacunación e inmunización se utilizan aproximadamente como intercambiables. Los microorganismos que se utilizan en la inoculación se llaman inoculando o inóculo .

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The terms inoculation, vaccination, immunization and injection are often used synonymously to refer to artificial induction of immunity against various infectious diseases. This is supported by some dictionaries. However, there are some important historical and current differences. In English medicine inoculation referred only to the prevention of smallpox until the very early 1800s. When Edward Jenner introduced smallpox vaccine in 1798 this was initially called cowpox inoculation or vaccine inoculation. Soon, to avoid confusion, smallpox inoculation was referred to as variolation (from variola = smallpox) and cowpox inoculation was referred to as vaccination (from Jenner's use of variolae vaccinae = smallpox of the cow). Then, in 1891 Louis Pasteur proposed that the terms vaccine and vaccination should be extended to include the new protective procedures being developed. Immunization refers to the use of all vaccines but also extends to the use of antitoxin, which contains preformed antibody to e.g. diphtheria or tetanus exotoxins. Inoculation is now more or less synonymous in nontechnical usage with injection etc., and the question e.g. 'Have you had your flu injection/vaccination/inoculation/immunization?' should not cause confusion. The focus is on what is being given and why, not the literal meaning of the technique used. Inoculation also has a specific meaning for procedures done in vitro. These include the transfer of microorganisms into and from laboratory apparatus such as test tubes and petri dishes in research and diagnostic laboratories, and also in commercial applications such as brewing, baking and the production of antibiotics. In almost all cases the material inoculated is called the inoculum, or less commonly the inoculant, although the term culture is also used for work done in vitro.

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