El navío de línea fue un tipo de buque de guerra de tres palos con aparejo de velas cuadras y de dos a tres cubiertas artilladas. Se le llamó así porque fue el tipo de buque utilizado en una nueva formación de combate de las escuadras navales, formación utilizada entre los siglos XVII y XIX y en la que los navíos se alineaban los unos detrás de los otros para formar un muro de artillería que pudiera disparar simultáneamente densas salvas contra la flota enemiga.

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A ship of the line was a type of naval warship constructed from the 17th through to the mid-19th century to take part in the naval tactic known as the line of battle, in which two columns of opposing warships would manoeuvre to bring the greatest weight of broadside firepower to bear. Since these engagements were almost invariably won by the heaviest ships carrying the most powerful guns, the natural progression was to build sailing vessels that were the largest and most powerful of their time. From the end of the 1840s, the introduction of steam power brought less dependence on the wind in battle and led to the construction of screw-driven, wooden-hulled, ships of the line; a number of pure sail-driven ships were converted to this propulsion mechanism. However, the introduction of the ironclad frigate in about 1859 led swiftly to the decline of the steam-assisted ships of the line. The ironclad warship became the ancestor of the 20th-century battleship, whose very designation is itself a contraction of the phrase "ship of the line of battle" or, more colloquially, "line-of-battle ship". The term "ship of the line" has fallen into disuse except in historical contexts, after warships and naval tactics evolved and changed from the mid 19th century.

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