El herpes zóster es una enfermedad producida por una reactivación del virus latente varicela-zóster, que afecta a los nervios periféricos —neuropatía gangliorradicular— y a la piel, donde puede producir pequeñas ampollas dolorosas en forma de anillo agrupadas a lo largo de un dermatoma. Coloquialmente, es conocido como culebrilla, culebrina o culebrón. En algunas zonas del Mediterráneo, como España, Italia y Malta, también se le denomina «fuego de San Antonio». El herpes zóster puede presentar diferentes complicaciones según los nervios afectados, sobre todo en individuos inmunodeprimidos, entre los que cabe destacar parálisis motora o facial temporal, insuficiencia respiratoria e infecciones bacterianas secundarias. La principal secuela que puede aparecer tras la desaparición de los signos cutáneos es la neuralgia posherpética (NPH), que consiste en una sensación dolorosa crónica en el dermatoma afectado y que puede durar desde varias semanas hasta aproximadamente un año. Es de distribución universal, más común entre personas con edades avanzadas o con alteraciones de su sistema inmunitario. Se trata de una enfermedad de fácil diagnóstico si se desarrollan todos los síntomas, ya que el patrón de distribución de las lesiones es característico. Además, pueden realizarse diferentes pruebas de laboratorio para confirmar el diagnóstico. El tratamiento es paliativo, basado en analgésicos para controlar el dolor y antivirales para detener la infección. Existe una vacuna preventiva que se está comenzando a administrar en aquellas poblaciones de riesgo.

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Shingles, also known as zoster, herpes zoster, or zona, is a viral disease characterized by a painful skin rash with blisters involving a limited area. Typically the rash occurs on either the left or right of the body or face in a single stripe. Two to four days before the rash occurs there may be pain or tingling in the area. Otherwise there are typically few symptoms. The rash usually heals within two to four weeks; however, some people develop ongoing nerve pain which may last for months or years, a condition called postherpetic neuralgia. In those with poor immune function the rash may occur widely. If the rash involves the eye, vision loss may occur. Shingles is due to a reactivation of varicella zoster virus (VZV) within a person's body. Chickenpox is due to an initial infection with VZV. Once chickenpox has resolved, the virus may remain inactive in nerve cells. Risk factors for reactivation include older age, poor immune function, and having had chickenpox before 18 months of age. How the virus remains in the body or subsequently re-activates, is not well understood. Exposure to the virus in the blisters can cause chickenpox in someone who has not had it before but will not trigger shingles. Diagnosis is typically based on a person's signs and symptoms. Varicella zoster virus is not the same as herpes simplex virus; however, they belong to the same family of viruses. The shingles vaccine decreases the chance of shingles by about half in those between the ages of 50 and 80. It also decreases rates of postherpetic neuralgia, and if an outbreak occurs, its severity. After 80 the vaccine is still effective, just less so. It contains the same material as the varicella vaccine, just at a higher dose. If shingles develops, antiviral medications such as aciclovir can reduce the severity and duration of disease if started within 72 hours of the appearance of the rash. Evidence does not show a significant effect of antivirals or steroids on rates of postherpetic neuralgia. Paracetamol, NSAIDs, or opioids may be used to help with the acute pain. It is estimated that about a third of people develop shingles at some point in their life. While more common among older people, children may also get the disease. The number of new cases per year ranges from 1.2–3.4 per 1,000 among healthy individuals to 3.9–11.8 per 1,000 among those older than 65 years of age. About half of those living to age 85 will have at least one attack, and less than 5% will have more than one attack. The disease has been recognized since ancient times. In Arabic its name means "belt of fire", while in Spanish it means "small snake", and in Hindi it means "big rash".

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