La diabetes insípida (del lat. insipidus: «sin sabor») es una enfermedad producida por deficiencia absoluta o relativa de vasopresina, o por resistencia a su efecto. Los pacientes presentan poliuria hipotónica a pesar de que tienen elevados el sodio y la osmolaridad. Hay dos clases: diabetes insípida central (la más frecuente en humanos) y la diabetes insípida nefrogénica. La alteración en la diabetes insípida central es el resultado de un déficit de la hormona antidiurética (vasopresina), que es la encargada de limitar la excreción de agua a nivel renal. Lo singular de esta hormona es que el hipotálamo la produce y luego es almacenada hasta ser liberada en el flujo sanguíneo por la hipófisis posterior. En el caso de la diabetes insípida nefrogénica, la alteración ocurre a nivel de los canales de aquaporina tipo II en el túbulo colector lo cual impide un correcto funcionamiento de la vasopresina, a pesar de que sus niveles en el plasma estén dentro del rango normal. La diferenciación entre el origen de la diabetes insípida tiene relación con la conducta y el tratamiento a seguir.

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Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition characterized by excessive thirst and excretion of large amounts of severely dilute urine, with reduction of fluid intake having no effect on the concentration of the urine. There are different types of DI, each with a different set of causes. The most common type in humans is the neurological form, called central DI (CDI), which involves a deficiency of arginine vasopressin (AVP), also known as antidiuretic hormone (ADH). The second common type of DI is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI), which is due to kidney or nephron dysfunction caused by an insensitivity of the kidneys or nephrons to ADH. DI can also be gestational, or caused by alcohol or some types of drug abuse. DI should not be confused with nocturia. Although they have a common name, diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus are two entirely separate conditions with unrelated mechanisms. Both cause large amounts of urine to be produced (polyuria). However, diabetes insipidus is either a problem with the production of antidiuretic hormone (central diabetes insipidus) or kidney's response to antidiuretic hormone (nephrogenic diabetes insipidus), whereas diabetes mellitus causes polyuria via a process called osmotic diuresis, due to the high blood sugar leaking into the urine and taking excess water along with it. The number of new cases of diabetes insipidus each year is 3 in 100,000. Diabetes insipidus usually starts in childhood or early adulthood and affects men more commonly than women. The term "diabetes" is derived from the Greek word meaning siphon.

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