En análisis matemático, usualmente, el logaritmo de un número real positivo —en una base de logaritmo determinada— es el exponente al cual hay que elevar la base para obtener dicho número. Por ejemplo, el logaritmo de 1000 en base 10 es 3, porque 1000 es igual a 10 a la potencia 3: 1000 = 103 = 10×10×10. De la misma manera que la operación opuesta de la suma es la resta y la de la multiplicación la división, el cálculo de logaritmos es la operación inversa a la exponenciación de la base del logaritmo. Para representar la operación de logaritmo en una determinada base se escribe la abreviatura log y como subíndice la base y después el número resultante del que deseamos hallar el logaritmo. Por ejemplo, 35=243 luego log3243=5. Cuando se sobreentiende la base, se puede omitir. Los logaritmos fueron introducidos por John Napier a principios del siglo XVII como un medio de simplificación de los cálculos. Estos fueron prontamente adoptados por científicos, ingenieros, banqueros y otros para realizar operaciones fácil y rápidamente, usando reglas de cálculo y tablas de logaritmos. Estos dispositivos se basan en el hecho más importante —por identidades logarítmicas— que el logaritmo de un producto es la suma de los logaritmos de los factores: La noción actual de los logaritmos viene de Leonhard Euler, quien conectó estos con la función exponencial en el siglo XVIII.

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In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse operation to exponentiation. That means the logarithm of a number is the exponent to which another fixed number, the base, must be raised to produce that number. In simple cases the logarithm counts repeated multiplication. For example, the base 10 logarithm of 1000 is 3, as 10 to the power 3 is 1000 (1000 = 10 × 10 × 10 = 103); the multiplication is repeated three times. More generally, exponentiation allows any positive real number to be raised to any real power, always producing a positive result, so the logarithm can be calculated for any two positive real numbers b and x where b is not equal to 1. The logarithm of x to base b, denoted logb(x), is the unique real number y such that by = x. For example, as 64 = 26, then: log2(64) = 6 The logarithm to base 10 (that is b = 10) is called the common logarithm and has many applications in science and engineering. The natural logarithm has the number e (≈ 2.718) as its base; its use is widespread in mathematics and physics, because of its simpler derivative. The binary logarithm uses base 2 (that is b = 2) and is commonly used in computer science. Logarithms were introduced by John Napier in the early 17th century as a means to simplify calculations. They were rapidly adopted by navigators, scientists, engineers, and others to perform computations more easily, using slide rules and logarithm tables. Tedious multi-digit multiplication steps can be replaced by table look-ups and simpler addition because of the fact — important in its own right — that the logarithm of a product is the sum of the logarithms of the factors: provided that b, x and y are all positive and b ≠ 1.The present-day notion of logarithms comes from Leonhard Euler, who connected them to the exponential function in the 18th century. Logarithmic scales reduce wide-ranging quantities to tiny scopes. For example, the decibel is a unit quantifying signal power log-ratios and amplitude log-ratios (of which sound pressure is a common example). In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic measure for the acidity of an aqueous solution. Logarithms are commonplace in scientific formulae, and in measurements of the complexity of algorithms and of geometric objects called fractals. They describe musical intervals, appear in formulas counting prime numbers, inform some models in psychophysics, and can aid in forensic accounting. In the same way as the logarithm reverses exponentiation, the complex logarithm is the inverse function of the exponential function applied to complex numbers. The discrete logarithm is another variant; it has uses in public-key cryptography.

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