La planificación familiar se refiere habitualmente al conjunto de prácticas que pueden ser utilizadas por una mujer, un hombre o una pareja de potenciales progenitores orientadas básicamente al control de la reproducción mediante el uso de métodos anticonceptivos en la práctica de relaciones sexuales. El control o planificación familiar puede tener como objetivo engendrar o no descendientes y, en su caso, decidir sobre el número de hijos, el momento y las circunstancias sociales, económicas y personales en las que se desea tenerlos. También se incluye dentro de la planificación familiar la educación de la sexualidad, la prevención y tratamiento de las infecciones de transmisión sexual, el asesoramiento antes de la fecundación, durante el embarazo y el parto, así como el tratamiento de la infertilidad, mediante técnicas de reproducción asistida como la fecundación in vitro.

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Family planning, simply put, is the practice of controlling the number of children in a family and the intervals between their births, particularly by means of artificial contraception or voluntary sterilization. Because "family" is included in the concept's name, consideration of a couple's desire to bear children, in the context of a family unit, is often considered primarily. Contemporary notions of family planning, however, tend to place a woman and her childbearing decisions at the center of the discussion, as notions of women's empowerment and reproductive autonomy have gained traction in many parts of the world. Family planning may involve consideration of the number of children a woman wishes to have, including the choice to have no children, as well as the age at which she wishes to have them. These matters are obviously influenced by external factors such as marital situation, career considerations, financial position, any disabilities that may affect their ability to have children and raise them, besides many other considerations. If sexually active, family planning may involve the use of contraception and other techniques to control the timing of reproduction. Other techniques commonly used include sexuality education, prevention and management of sexually transmitted infections, pre-conception counseling and management, and infertility management. Family planning is sometimes used as a synonym or euphemism for access to and the use of contraception. However, it often involves methods and practices in addition to contraception. Additionally, there are many who might wish to use contraception but are not, necessarily, planning a family (e.g., unmarried adolescents, young married couples delaying childbearing while building a career); family planning has become a catch-all phrase for much of the work undertaken in this realm. It is most usually applied to a female-male couple who wish to limit the number of children they have and/or to control the timing of pregnancy (also known as spacing children). Family planning may encompass sterilization, as well as abortion. Family planning services are defined as "educational, comprehensive medical or social activities which enable individuals, including minors, to determine freely the number and spacing of their children and to select the means by which this may be achieved".

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