Un teorema es una proposición que afirma una verdad demostrable. En matemáticas, es toda proposición que partiendo de un supuesto (hipótesis), afirma una verdad (tesis) no evidente por sí misma. Un teorema es una fórmula bien formada que puede ser demostrada dentro de un sistema formal, partiendo de axiomas u otros teoremas. Demostrar teoremas es un asunto central en la lógica matemática. Los teoremas también pueden ser expresados en lenguaje natural formalizado. Un teorema generalmente posee un número de premisas que deben ser enumeradas o aclaradas de antemano. Luego existe una conclusión, una afirmación lógica o matemática, la cual es verdadera bajo las condiciones dadas. El contenido informativo del teorema es la relación que existe entre las hipótesis y la tesis o conclusión. Se llama corolario a una afirmación lógica que sea consecuencia inmediata de un teorema, pudiendo ser demostrada usando las propiedades del teorema previamente demostrado.

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In mathematics, a theorem is a statement that has been proved on the basis of previously established statements, such as other theorems—and generally accepted statements, such as axioms. A theorem is a logical consequence of the axioms. The proof of a mathematical theorem is a logical argument for the theorem statement given in accord with the rules of a deductive system. The proof of a theorem is often interpreted as justification of the truth of the theorem statement. In light of the requirement that theorems be proved, the concept of a theorem is fundamentally deductive, in contrast to the notion of a scientific law, which is experimental. Many mathematical theorems are conditional statements. In this case, the proof deduces the conclusion from conditions called hypotheses or premises. In light of the interpretation of proof as justification of truth, the conclusion is often viewed as a necessary consequence of the hypotheses, namely, that the conclusion is true in case the hypotheses are true, without any further assumptions. However, the conditional could be interpreted differently in certain deductive systems, depending on the meanings assigned to the derivation rules and the conditional symbol. Although they can be written in a completely symbolic form, for example, within the propositional calculus, theorems are often expressed in a natural language such as English. The same is true of proofs, which are often expressed as logically organized and clearly worded informal arguments, intended to convince readers of the truth of the statement of the theorem beyond any doubt, and from which a formal symbolic proof can in principle be constructed. Such arguments are typically easier to check than purely symbolic ones—indeed, many mathematicians would express a preference for a proof that not only demonstrates the validity of a theorem, but also explains in some way why it is obviously true. In some cases, a picture alone may be sufficient to prove a theorem. Because theorems lie at the core of mathematics, they are also central to its aesthetics. Theorems are often described as being "trivial", or "difficult", or "deep", or even "beautiful". These subjective judgments vary not only from person to person, but also with time: for example, as a proof is simplified or better understood, a theorem that was once difficult may become trivial. On the other hand, a deep theorem may be simply stated, but its proof may involve surprising and subtle connections between disparate areas of mathematics. Fermat's Last Theorem is a particularly well-known example of such a theorem.

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