Se conoce como Reforma protestante, o simplemente la Reforma, al movimiento religioso cristiano, iniciado en Alemania en el siglo XVI por Martín Lutero, que llevó a un cisma de la Iglesia católica para dar origen a numerosas iglesias y organizaciones agrupadas bajo la denominación de protestantismo. La Reforma tuvo su origen en las críticas y propuestas con las que diversos religiosos, pensadores y políticos europeos buscaron provocar un cambio profundo y generalizado en los usos y costumbres de la Iglesia católica, además de negar la jurisdicción del papa sobre toda la cristiandad. El movimiento recibirá posteriormente el nombre de Reforma Protestante, por su intención inicial de reformar el catolicismo con el fin de retornar a un cristianismo primitivo, y la importancia que tuvo la Protesta de Espira, presentada por algunos príncipes y ciudades alemanas en 1529 contra un edicto del Emperador Carlos V tendiente a derogar la tolerancia religiosa que había sido anteriormente concedida a los principados alemanes. Este movimiento hundía sus raíces en elementos de la tradición católica medieval, como el movimiento de la Devoción moderna en Alemania y los Países Bajos, que era una piedad laica antieclesiástica y centrada en Cristo. Además, la segunda generación del humanismo la siguió en gran medida. Comenzó con la predicación del sacerdote agustino Martín Lutero, que revisó la doctrina de la Iglesia católica según el criterio de su conformidad a las Sagradas Escrituras. En particular, rechazó la teología sacramental católica, que, según Lutero, permitía y justificaba prácticas como la "venta de indulgencias", un secuestro del Evangelio, el cual debía ser predicado libremente, y no vendido. La Reforma protestante dependió del apoyo político de algunos príncipes y monarcas para poder formar Iglesias cristianas de ámbito estatal (posteriormente Iglesias nacionales). Los principales exponentes de la Reforma Protestante fueron Martín Lutero y Juan Calvino. El protestantismo ha llegado a constituir la tercera gran rama del cristianismo, con un grupo de fieles que actualmente supera los trescientos millones.

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The Protestant Reformation, often referred to simply as the Reformation (from Latin reformatio, lit. "restoration, renewal") was a schism from the Roman Catholic Church initiated by Martin Luther and continued by John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, and other early Protestant Reformers in 16th century Europe. Although there had been significant earlier attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church before Luther – such as those of Jan Hus, Peter Waldo, and John Wycliffe – Martin Luther is widely acknowledged to have started the Reformation with his 1517 work The Ninety-Five Theses. Luther began by criticizing the selling of indulgences, insisting that the Pope had no authority over purgatory and that the Catholic doctrine of the merits of the saints had no foundation in the gospel. The Protestant position, however, would come to incorporate doctrinal changes such as sola scriptura and sola fide. The core motivation behind these changes was theological, though many other factors played a part, including the rise of nationalism, the Western Schism that eroded faith in the Papacy, the perceived corruption of the Roman Curia, the impact of humanism, and the new learning of the Renaissance that questioned much traditional thought. The initial movement within Germany diversified, and other reform impulses arose independently of Luther. The spread of Gutenberg's printing press provided the means for the rapid dissemination of religious materials in the vernacular. The largest groups were the Lutherans and Calvinists. Lutheran churches were founded mostly in Germany, the Baltics and Scandinavia, while the Reformed ones were founded in Switzerland, Hungary, France, the Netherlands and Scotland. The new movement influenced the Church of England decisively after 1547 under Edward VI and Elizabeth I, although the Church of England had been made independent under Henry VIII in the early 1530s for political rather than religious reasons. There were also reformation movements throughout continental Europe known as the Radical Reformation, which gave rise to the Anabaptist, Moravian and other Pietistic movements. Radical Reformers, besides forming communities outside state sanction, often employed more extreme doctrinal change, such as the rejection of the tenets of the late antique councils of Nicaea and Chalcedon. The Roman Catholic Church responded with a Counter-Reformation initiated by the Council of Trent. Much work in battling Protestantism was done by the well-organised new order of the Jesuits. In general, Northern Europe, with the exception of most of Ireland, came under the influence of Protestantism. Southern Europe remained Roman Catholic, while Central Europe was a site of a fierce conflict, culminating in the Thirty Years' War, which left it devastated.

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