La exploración espacial designa los esfuerzos del ser humano en estudiar el espacio y sus astros desde el punto de vista científico y de su explotación económica. Estos esfuerzos pueden involucrar tanto seres humanos viajando en naves espaciales como satélites con recursos de telemetría o sondas teleguiadas enviadas a otros planetas (orbitando o aterrizando en la superficie de estos cuerpos celestes). La ciencia que estudia los vuelos espaciales y la tecnología relacionada con ellos se denomina astronáutica.Las personas que pilotan naves espaciales, o son pasajeros en ellas, se llaman astronautas (en Rusia: cosmonautas; en China: taikonautas). Técnicamente se considera astronauta a todo aquel que emprenda un vuelo suborbital (sin entrar en órbita) u orbital a como mínimo 100 km de altitud (considerado el límite externo de la atmósfera).[cita requerida] El cielo siempre ha atraído la atención y los sueños del ser humano. Ya en 1634 se publicó la que se considera primera novela de ciencia ficción, Somnium, de Johannes Kepler, que narra un hipotético viaje a la Luna. Más tarde, en 1865, en una famosa obra de ficción titulada "De la Tierra a la Luna", Julio Verne escribe sobre un grupo de hombres que viajó hasta la Luna usando un gigantesco cañón. En Francia, Georges Méliès, uno de los pioneros del cine, tomaba la novela de Verne para crear "Le voyage dans la Lune" (1902), una de las primeras películas de ciencia ficción en la que describía un increíble viaje a la Luna. En obras como "La guerra de los mundos" (1898) y "The First Men in The Moon" (1901), H.G.Wells también se concibieron ideas de exploración del espacio y de contacto con civilizaciones extraterrestres. Aún faltaba mucho para que el ser humano pudiera alcanzar el espacio exterior, pero este sueño se hizo realidad, en parte, a través de las ideas de estos visionarios y del trabajo de pioneros. Entre estos pioneros se debe recordar a los ingenieros aeronáuticos Pedro Paulet (Perú), Robert Hutchings Goddard (EE. UU.), Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (Rusia), Hermann Oberth (Alemania), y más recientemente Wernher von Braun (Alemania) y Serguéi Koroliov (URSS).

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Space exploration is the ongoing discovery and exploration of celestial structures in outer space by means of continuously evolving and growing space technology. While the study of space is carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, the physical exploration of space is conducted both by unmanned robotic probes and human spaceflight. While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the early 20th century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, national prestige, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity, and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries. Space exploration has often been used as a proxy competition for geopolitical rivalries such as the Cold War. The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States. The launch of the first human-made object to orbit Earth, the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Aleksei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station (ISS). With the substantial completion of the ISS following STS-133 in March 2011, plans for space exploration by the USA remain in flux. Constellation, a Bush Administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020 was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009. The Obama Administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth–Moon L1, the Moon, Earth–Sun L2, near-Earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit. In the 2000s, the People's Republic of China initiated a successful manned spaceflight program, while the European Union, Japan, and India have also planned future manned space missions. China, Russia, Japan, and India have advocated manned missions to the Moon during the 21st century, while the European Union has advocated manned missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 20/21st century. From the 1990s onwards, private interests began promoting space tourism and then private space exploration of the Moon (see Google Lunar X Prize).

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