En biología, la nomenclatura binominal (también llamada nomenclatura binomial, nomenclatura binaria o nombre binario) es un convenio estándar utilizado para denominar las diferentes especies de organismos (vivos o ya extintos). A veces se hace referencia a la nomenclatura binominal como sistema de clasificación binominal. Como sugiere la palabra «binominal», el nombre científico otorgado a una especie está formado por la combinación de dos palabras («nombres» en latín, de raíz grecolatina o latinizados): el nombre del género y el epíteto o nombre específico. El conjunto de ambos es el nombre científico que permite identificar a cada especie como si tuviera «nombre y apellido». La nomenclatura binominal es la norma puntual que se aplica a la denominación de los taxones específicos, pero representa sólo uno de los estándares de la nomenclatura biológica, que se ocupa también de la denominación formal (científica) de taxones de otras categorías. La formación de estos nombres y su uso están regulados por los distintos códigos de nomenclatura: zoológico, botánico, de bacterias y de virus.

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Binomial nomenclature (also called binominal nomenclature or binary nomenclature) is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages. Such a name is called a binomial name (which may be shortened to just "binomial"), a binomen or a scientific name; more informally it is also called a Latin name. The first part of the name identifies the genus to which the species belongs; the second part identifies the species within the genus. For example, humans belong to the genus Homo and within this genus to the species Homo sapiens. The formal introduction of this system of naming species is credited to Swedish natural scientist Carl Linnaeus (author abbrv. L.), effectively beginning with his work Species Plantarum in 1753. But Gaspard Bauhin, in as early as 1623, had introduced in his book Pinax theatri botanici (English, Illustrated exposition of plants) many names of genera that were later adopted by Linnaeus. The application of binomial nomenclature is now governed by various internationally agreed codes of rules, of which the two most important are the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) for animals and the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN). Although the general principles underlying binomial nomenclature are common to these two codes, there are some differences, both in the terminology they use and in their precise rules. In modern usage, the first letter of the first part of the name, the genus, is always capitalized in writing, while that of the second part is not, even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place. Similarly, both parts are italicized when a binomial name occurs in normal text. Thus the binomial name of the annual phlox (named after botanist Thomas Drummond) is now written as Phlox drummondii. In scientific works, the "authority" for a binomial name is usually given, at least when it is first mentioned, and the date of publication may be specified. \n* In zoology \n* "Patella vulgata Linnaeus, 1758". The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who it was that first published a description and name for this species of limpet; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found (in this case the 10th edition of the book Systema Naturae). \n* "Passer domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)". The original name given by Linnaeus was Fringilla domestica; the parentheses indicate that the species is now considered to belong in a different genus. The ICZN does not require that the name of the person who changed the genus be given, nor the date on which the change was made, although nomenclatorial catalogs usually include such information. \n* In botany \n* "Amaranthus retroflexus L." – "L." is the standard abbreviation used in botany for "Linnaeus". \n* "Hyacinthoides italica (L.) Rothm. – Linnaeus first named this bluebell species Scilla italica; Rothmaler transferred it to the genus Hyacinthoides; the ICN does not require that the dates of either publication be specified.

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