El cáncer de endometrio incluye un conjunto de variantes malignas que provienen del endometrio o revestimiento del útero. El cáncer endometrial es muy frecuente en países desarrollados; el tipo más común es el adenocarcinoma endometriode, que ocurre por lo general pocas décadas después del inicio de la menopausia y está asociado a una excesiva exposición al estrógeno. Con frecuencia el cáncer de endometrio se desarrolla en la forma de una hiperplasia endometrial, presentándose principalmente con sangrado vaginal. El carcinoma de endometrio es una causa común de muerte debido a un cáncer ginecológico, generalmente por detrás del cáncer de ovario y el cáncer cervical. El abordaje terapéutico más frecuente es la remoción quirúrgica del útero —histerectomía abdominal total— y sus anexos —salpingooforectomía bilateral—, que incluye ovarios y las trompas de Falopio. Debido a que se puede desarrollar cáncer en otras porciones del útero además del endometrio, el término "cáncer de útero" no es apropiado para referirse exclusivamente al cáncer de endometrio.

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Endometrial cancer is a cancer that arises from the endometrium (the lining of the uterus or womb). It is the result of the abnormal growth of cells that have the ability to invade or spread to other parts of the body. The first sign is most often vaginal bleeding not associated with a menstrual period. Other symptoms include pain with urination or sexual intercourse, or pelvic pain. Endometrial cancer occurs most commonly after menopause. Approximately 40% of cases are related to obesity. Endometrial cancer is also associated with excessive estrogen exposure, high blood pressure and diabetes. Whereas taking estrogen alone increases the risk of endometrial cancer, taking both estrogen and progesterone in combination, as in most birth control pills, decreases the risk. Between two and five percent of cases are related to genes inherited from the parents. Endometrial cancer is sometimes loosely referred to as "uterine cancer", although it is distinct from other forms of uterine cancer such as cervical cancer, uterine sarcoma, and trophoblastic disease. The most frequent type of endometrial cancer is endometrioid carcinoma, which accounts for more than 80% of cases. Endometrial cancer is commonly diagnosed by endometrial biopsy or by taking samples during a procedure known as dilation and curettage. A pap smear is not typically sufficient to show endometrial cancer. Regular screening in those at normal risk is not called for. The leading treatment option for endometrial cancer is abdominal hysterectomy (the total removal by surgery of the uterus), together with removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries on both sides, called a bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. In more advanced cases, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or hormone therapy may also be recommended. If the disease is diagnosed at an early stage, the outcome is favorable, and the overall five-year survival rate in the United States is greater than 80%. In 2012, endometrial cancers occurred in 320,000 women and caused 76,000 deaths. This makes it the third most common cause of death in cancers which only affect women, behind ovarian and cervical cancer. It is more common in the developed world and is the most common cancer of the female reproductive tract in developed countries. Rates of endometrial cancer have risen in a number of countries between the 1980s and 2010. This is believed to be due to the increasing number of elderly people and increasing rates of obesity.

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