En medicina se denomina hiperémesis gravídica a náuseas y vómitos presentes en mujeres embarazadas, que evolucionan de manera severa, producen deshidratación, pérdida de peso mayor del 5 %, cetonuria y desequilibrio metabólico y electrolítico. Al igual que las náuseas y vómitos muy comunes en la embarazada, la hiperémesis aparece alrededor de las 5 semanas y se resuelven antes de las 20 y, por lo general, previene que la mujer afectada coma alimentos y líquidos adecuadamente. Hiperémesis significa exceso de vómitos y se estima que se presenta en 0.3% a 2% de los embarazos. La fiebre y el dolor abdominal no suelen ser síntomas características de la hiperémesis del embarazo. El trastorno puede llegar a ser severo de manera veloz, por lo que se considera que la hiperémesis gravídica es una emergencia obstétrica y la intervención terapéutica es de la más alta prioridad. Es una enfermedad que puede afectar la salud del embrión o feto en gestación al no ser suplidos los requerimientos nutricionales.

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Hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) is a complication of pregnancy that is characterized by severe nausea and vomiting such that weight loss and dehydration occur. Signs and symptoms may include vomiting several times a day and feeling faint. It is more severe than morning sickness. Often symptoms get better after the 20th week of pregnancy but may last the entire pregnancy. The exact cause of hyperemesis gravidarum is not known. Risk factors include the first pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, obesity, prior or family history of hyperemesis gravidarum, trophoblastic disorder, and a history of an eating disorder. The diagnosis is usually made based on the signs and symptoms. It has been technically defined as more than three episodes of vomiting per day such that weight loss of 5% or three kilograms has occurred and ketones are present in the urine. Other potential causes of the symptoms should be excluded including urinary tract infection and high thyroid levels. Treatment includes drinking fluids and a bland diet. Recommendations may include electrolyte-replacement drinks, thiamine, and a higher protein diet. Some women require intravenous fluids. With respect to medications pyridoxine or metoclopramide are preferred. Prochlorperazine, dimenhydrinate, or ondansetron may be used if these are not effective. Hospitalization may be required. Psychotherapy may improve outcomes. Evidence for acupressure is poor. While vomiting in pregnancy has been described as early as 2,000 BC, the first clear medically description of hyperemesis gravidarum was in 1852 by Antoine Dubois. Hyperemesis gravidarum is estimated to affect 0.3–2.0% of pregnant women. While previously a common cause of death in pregnancy, with proper treatment this is now very rare. Those affected have a low risk of miscarriage but a higher risk of premature birth. Some women opt to have an abortion because of the symptoms.

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