La afasia es el trastorno del lenguaje que se produce como consecuencia de una patología cerebral. Se trata de la pérdida de capacidad de producir o comprender el lenguaje, debido a lesiones en áreas cerebrales especializadas en estas funciones. Es entonces una pérdida adquirida en el lenguaje oral. El término afasia, que fue creado en 1864 por el médico francés Armand Trousseau (1801-1867), procede del vocablo griego ἀφασία, ‘imposibilidad de hablar’. La disfasia por otro lado es un trastorno específico en la adquisición del lenguaje.

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Aphasia is an inability to comprehend and formulate language because of dysfunction in specific brain regions. Caused either by a cerebral vascular accident (CVA), which is also known as a stroke, or head trauma such as with a concussion, aphasia can cause impairments in speech and language modalities. To be diagnosed with aphasia, a person's speech or language must be significantly impaired in one (or several) of the four communication modalities following acquired brain injury or have significant decline over a short time period (progressive aphasia). The four communication modalities are auditory comprehension, verbal expression, reading and writing, and functional communication. The difficulties of people with aphasia can range from occasional trouble finding words to losing the ability to speak, read, or write; intelligence, however, is unaffected. Aphasia also affects visual language such as sign language. In contrast, the use of formulaic expressions in everyday communication is often preserved. One prevalent deficit in the aphasias is anomia, which is a deficit in word finding ability. The term "aphasia" implies that one or more communication modalities have been damaged and are therefore functioning incorrectly. Aphasia does not refer to damage to the brain that results in motor or sensory deficits, as it is not related to speech (which is the verbal aspect of communicating) but rather the individual's language. An individual's "language" is the socially shared set of rules as well as the thought processes that go behind verbalized speech. It is not a result of a more peripheral motor or sensory difficulty, such as paralysis affecting the speech muscles or a general hearing impairment. Aphasia is from Greek a- ("without") + phásis (φάσις, "speech"). The word aphasia comes from the word ἀφασία aphasia, in Ancient Greek, which means "speechlessness", derived from ἄφατος aphatos, "speechless" from ἀ- a-, "not, un" and φημί phemi, "I speak".

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