Se denomina cirugía (del griego χείρ jeir "mano" y ἔργον érgon "trabajo", de donde χειρουργεία jeirourguéia "trabajo manual") a la práctica que implica manipulación mecánica de las estructuras anatómicas con un fin médico, bien sea diagnóstico, terapéutico o pronóstico. De acuerdo con la OMS (2012), cirugía mayor es todo procedimiento realizado en quirófano que comporte la incisión, escisión, manipulación o sutura de un tejido, y generalmente requiere anestesia regional o general, o sedación profunda para controlar el dolor.

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Surgery (from the Greek: χειρουργική cheirourgikē (composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via Latin: chirurgiae, meaning "hand work") is an ancient medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental techniques on a patient to investigate and/or treat a pathological condition such as disease or injury, to help improve bodily function or appearance or to repair unwanted ruptured areas (for example, a perforated ear drum). An act of performing surgery may be called a "surgical procedure", "operation", or simply "surgery". In this context, the verb "operate" means to perform surgery. The adjective "surgical" means pertaining to surgery; e.g. surgical instruments or surgical nurse. The patient or subject on which the surgery is performed can be a person or an animal. A surgeon is a person who practices surgery and a surgeon's assistant is a person who practices surgical assistance. A surgical team is made up of surgeon, surgeon's assistant, anesthesia provider, circulating nurse and surgical technologist. Surgery usually spans minutes to hours, but it is typically not an ongoing or periodic type of treatment. The term "surgery" can also refer to the place where surgery is performed, or simply the office of a physician, dentist, or veterinarian.

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