En mecánica de fluidos, la capa límite o capa fronteriza de un fluido es la zona donde el movimiento de éste es perturbado por la presencia de un sólido con el que está en contacto. La capa límite se entiende como aquella en la que la velocidad del fluido respecto al sólido en movimiento varía desde cero hasta el 99% de la velocidad de la corriente no perturbada. La capa límite puede ser laminar o turbulenta; aunque también pueden coexistir en ella zonas de flujo laminar y de flujo turbulento. En ocasiones es de utilidad que la capa límite sea turbulenta. En aeronáutica aplicada a la aviación comercial, se suele optar por perfiles alares que generan una capa límite turbulenta, ya que ésta permanece adherida al perfil a mayores ángulos de ataque que la capa límite laminar, evitando así que el perfil entre en pérdida, es decir, deje de generar sustentación aerodinámica de manera brusca por el desprendimiento de la capa límite. El espesor de la capa límite en la zona del borde de ataque o de llegada es pequeño, pero aumenta a lo largo de la superficie. Todas estas características varían en función de la forma del objeto (menor espesor de capa límite cuanta menor resistencia aerodinámica presente la superficie: ej. forma fusiforme de un perfil alar).

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In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. In the Earth's atmosphere, the atmospheric boundary layer is the air layer near the ground affected by diurnal heat, moisture or momentum transfer to or from the surface. On an aircraft wing the boundary layer is the part of the flow close to the wing, where viscous forces distort the surrounding non-viscous flow. See Reynolds number. Laminar boundary layers can be loosely classified according to their structure and the circumstances under which they are created. The thin shear layer which develops on an oscillating body is an example of a Stokes boundary layer, while the Blasius boundary layer refers to the well-known similarity solution near an attached flat plate held in an oncoming unidirectional flow. When a fluid rotates and viscous forces are balanced by the Coriolis effect (rather than convective inertia), an Ekman layer forms. In the theory of heat transfer, a thermal boundary layer occurs. A surface can have multiple types of boundary layer simultaneously. The viscous nature of airflow reduces the local velocities on a surface and is responsible for skin friction. The layer of air over the wing's surface that is slowed down or stopped by viscosity, is the boundary layer. There are two different types of boundary layer flow: laminar and turbulent. Laminar Boundary Layer Flow The laminar boundary is a very smooth flow, while the turbulent boundary layer contains swirls or "eddies." The laminar flow creates less skin friction drag than the turbulent flow, but is less stable. Boundary layer flow over a wing surface begins as a smooth laminar flow. As the flow continues back from the leading edge, the laminar boundary layer increases in thickness. Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow At some distance back from the leading edge, the smooth laminar flow breaks down and transitions to a turbulent flow. From a drag standpoint, it is advisable to have the transition from laminar to turbulent flow as far aft on the wing as possible, or have a large amount of the wing surface within the laminar portion of the boundary layer. The low energy laminar flow, however, tends to break down more suddenly than the turbulent layer.

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