La sedimentología es la rama de la geología que se encarga de estudiar los procesos de formación, transporte y deposición de material que se acumula como sedimento en ambientes continentales y marinos y que eventualmente forman rocas sedimentarias. Trata de interpretar y reconstruir los ambientes sedimentarios del pasado. Se encuentra estrechamente ligada a la estratigrafía, si bien su propósito es el de interpretar los procesos y ambientes de formación de las rocas sedimentarias y no el de describirlas como en el caso de aquella.

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Sedimentology encompasses the study of modern sediments such as sand, silt, and clay, and the processes that result in their formation (erosion and weathering), transport, deposition and diagenesis. Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history through observations of sedimentary rocks and sedimentary structures. Sedimentary rocks cover up to 75% of the Earth's surface, record much of the Earth's history, and harbor the fossil record. Sedimentology is closely linked to stratigraphy, the study of the physical and temporal relationships between rock layers or strata. The premise that the processes affecting the earth today are the same as in the past is the basis for determining how sedimentary features in the rock record were formed. By comparing similar features today to features in the rock record—for example, by comparing modern sand dunes to dunes preserved in ancient aeolian sandstones—geologists reconstruct past environments.

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