Un misil superficie-aire (abreviado SAM, del inglés surface to air missile) o misil tierra-aire (abreviado GTAM, del inglés ground-to-air missile) es un tipo de misil diseñado para ser lanzado desde la superficie terrestre, por una persona (misil portátil) o una instalación (plataforma de misiles), y alcanzar a aeronaves en vuelo como aviones o helicópteros. Se trata por tanto de un sistema antiaéreo. Los misiles de este tipo pueden ser artefactos muy baratos y de fácil adquisición, al ser fabricados por multitud de países; por lo que su comercio y tenencia incontrolados suponen un peligro para la navegación aérea mundial.

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A surface-to-air missile (SAM), or ground-to-air missile (GTAM), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles. It is one type of antiaircraft system; in modern armed forces, missiles have replaced most other forms of dedicated antiaircraft weapons, with anti-aircraft guns pushed into specialized roles. The first serious attempts at SAM development took place during World War II, although no operational systems were introduced. Further development in the 1940s and 1950s led to the first operational systems being introduced by most major forces during the second half of the 1950s. Smaller systems, suitable for close-range work, evolved through the 1960s and 1970s, to modern systems that are man-portable. Shipborne systems followed the evolution of land-based models, starting with long-range weapons and steadily evolving toward smaller designs to provide a layered defence that have pushed gun-based systems into the shortest-range roles. The American Nike Ajax was the first operational guided missile SAM system, and the Soviet Union's S-75 Dvina was the most-produced SAM. Widely used modern examples include the Patriot and S-300 wide-area systems, SM-6 naval missiles, and short-range man-portable systems like the Stinger and Strela-3.

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