El matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, también conocido como matrimonio homosexual, matrimonio igualitario o matrimonio gay, reconoce legal o socialmente un matrimonio formado por contrayentes del mismo sexo biológico o legalmente reconocido. Las primeras leyes de la época actual en reconocer el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo fueron aprobadas durante la primera década del siglo XXI. Hasta la actualidad, en 2016, 19 países (Argentina, Bélgica, Brasil, Canadá, Colombia, Dinamarca, España, Estados Unidos, Francia, Irlanda, Islandia, Luxemburgo, Noruega, Nueva Zelanda, Países Bajos, Portugal, Sudáfrica, Suecia y Uruguay) permiten casarse a las parejas del mismo sexo en todo su territorio y otros dos (México y Reino Unido) lo permiten en una parte del mismo. Finlandia, así como Guernsey, Jersey y la Isla Ascensión (estos tres bajo soberanía británica) han aprobado en sus respectivos parlamentos leyes que permitirán el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo, previstas para entrar en vigor en 2017. Junto a la institución del matrimonio, y en muchos casos como alternativa, existen instituciones civiles adicionales, muy diferentes en cada país y comunidad, con denominaciones distintas, como parejas de hecho o uniones civiles, cada cual de una naturaleza, requisitos y efectos ad hoc, según la realidad social, histórica, sociológica, jurídica y política de cada sociedad. Estas instituciones son consideradas por movimientos de derechos humanos como instituciones apartheid y en muchos casos (especialmente cuando no otorgan los mismos derechos) son criticadas por fomentar la discriminación y crear ciudadanos de segunda clase.

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Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is marriage between people of the same sex, either as a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting. In the late 20th century, religious rites of marriage without legal recognition became increasingly common. The first law providing for marriage of people of the same sex in modern times was enacted in 2001 in the Netherlands. As of 22 July 2016, same-sex marriage is legally allowed (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom the United States, and Uruguay. A similar law in Finland is not yet in force. Polls show rising support for legally recognizing same-sex marriage in the Americas, Australia and most of Europe.However, as of 2016 South Africa is the only African country where same-sex marriage is recognized, and no country in Asia allows same-sex marriage ceremonies, although Israel accepts same-sex marriages performed overseas. Introduction of same-sex marriage laws has varied by jurisdiction, being variously accomplished through legislative change to marriage laws, a court ruling based on constitutional guarantees of equality, or by direct popular vote (via ballot initiative or referendum). The recognition of same-sex marriage is a political and social issue, and also a religious issue in many countries, and debates continue to arise over whether people in same-sex relationships should be allowed marriage or some similar status (a civil union). Same-sex marriage can provide those in same-sex relationships who pay their taxes with government services and make financial demands on them comparable to those afforded to and required of those in opposite-sex marriages. Same-sex marriage also gives them legal protections such as inheritance and hospital visitation rights. Various faith communities around the world support allowing those of the same sex to marry, while many major religions oppose same-sex marriage. Opponents of same-sex marriages have argued that recognition of same-sex marriages would erode religious freedoms, undermine a right of children to be raised by their biological mother and father or erode the institution of marriage itself. Some analysts state that financial, psychological and physical well-being are enhanced by marriage, and that children of same-sex parents or carers benefit from being raised by two parents within a legally recognized union supported by society's institutions. Court documents filed by American scientific associations also state that singling out gay men and women as ineligible for marriage both stigmatizes and invites public discrimination against them. The American Anthropological Association asserts that social science research does not support the view that either civilization or viable social orders depend upon not recognizing same-sex marriage.

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