La tartamudez es un trastorno de la comunicación (no un trastorno del lenguaje) que se caracteriza por interrupciones involuntarias del habla que se acompañan de tensión muscular en cara y cuello, miedo y estrés. Ellas son la expresión visible de la interacción de determinados factores orgánicos, psicológicos y sociales que determinan y orientan en el individuo la conformación de un ser, un hacer y un sentir con características propias. Los efectos psicológicos de la tartamudez pueden ser graves afectando el estado de ánimo de la persona de forma continua. Además, la tartamudez es una discapacidad muy estigmatizada, donde continuamente se cuestiona la inteligencia y habilidad emocional de la persona que tartamudea, pues se cree que con "calmarse" o "concentrarse más en lo que se dice" se logrará hablar de forma fluida. Sentimientos que son comunes, y muchas veces severos, en las personas que tartamudean son vergüenza, miedo, ansiedad, enojo y frustración. Una sensación de falta de control es común en quienes tartamudean, todo lo cual muchas veces es causa de depresión. Comienza, de modo característico, entre el segundo y cuarto año de vida, aunque se suele confundir con las dificultades propias de la edad a la hora de hablar. Al final, solo uno de cada 20 niños acaba tartamudeando y muchos de ellos superan el trastorno en la adolescencia. Menos del 1% de los adultos tartamudea. La tartamudez no distingue clase social ni raza, sin embargo, es de tres a cuatro veces más común en hombres que en mujeres. Aún no se ha encontrado una causa específica para este desorden, sin embargo, en febrero de 2010 científicos anunciaron el descubrimiento de tres genes asociados con la prevalencia de la tartamudez. Esto se ha estudiado desde hace varios años, cuando se comenzó a notar que la tartamudez prevalece en las familias. A pesar de creencias populares, la tartamudez no está asociada con la ansiedad ni es un efecto de ella para su desarrollo; sin embargo, la tartamudez sí genera ansiedad en los individuos que la poseen, llegando a convertirse en fobia social, en donde se teme tartamudear frente a las personas, provocando en muchos casos el aislamiento social de quien tartamudea. La reacción del entorno del afectado es importante para la aparición de numerosos síntomas físicos asociados a la tartamudez, sobre todo en los primeros años de manifestación: tensión muscular en cara y cuello, miedo y estrés. El Día Mundial del Conocimiento de la Tartamudez es el 22 de octubre.

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Stuttering (/ˈstʌtərɪŋ/) or stammering (/ˈstæmərɪŋ/) (alalia syllabaris, alalia literalis or anarthria literalis) is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds. The term stuttering is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to Watkins et al., stuttering is a disorder of "selection, initiation, and execution of motor sequences necessary for fluent speech production." For many people who stutter, repetition is the primary problem. The term "stuttering" covers a wide range of severity, encompassing barely perceptible impediments that are largely cosmetic to severe symptoms that effectively prevent oral communication. In the world, approximately four times as many men as women stutter, encompassing 70 million people worldwide, or about 1% of the world's population.The impact of stuttering on a person's functioning and emotional state can be severe. This may include fears of having to enunciate specific vowels or consonants, fears of being caught stuttering in social situations, self-imposed isolation, anxiety, stress, shame, being a possible target of bullying (especially in children), having to use word substitution and rearrange words in a sentence to hide stuttering, or a feeling of "loss of control" during speech. Stuttering is sometimes popularly seen as a symptom of anxiety, but there is actually no direct correlation in that direction (though as mentioned the inverse can be true, as social anxiety may actually develop in individuals as a result of their stuttering). Stuttering is generally not a problem with the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress do not cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (i.e., chronic nervousness and stress) that reduce the amount of acute stress necessary to trigger stuttering in any given person who stutters, exacerbating the problem in the manner of a positive feedback system; the name 'stuttered speech syndrome' has been proposed for this condition. Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering. The disorder is also variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more severe or less, depending on whether or not the stutterer is self-conscious about their stuttering. Stutterers often find that their stuttering fluctuates and that they have "good" days, "bad" days and "stutter-free" days. The times in which their stuttering fluctuates can be random. Although the exact etiology, or cause, of stuttering is unknown, both genetics and neurophysiology are thought to contribute. There are many treatments and speech therapy techniques available that may help decrease speech disfluency in some people who stutter to the point where an untrained ear cannot identify a problem; however, there is essentially no cure for the disorder at present. The severity of the person's stuttering would correspond to the amount of speech therapy needed to decrease disfluency. For severe stuttering, long-term therapy and hard work will be required to decrease disfluency.

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