La paleontología (del griego «παλαιος» palaios = antiguo, «οντο» onto = ser, «-λογία» -logía = tratado, estudio, ciencia) es la ciencia natural que estudia e interpreta el pasado de la vida sobre la Tierra a través de los fósiles. Se encuadra dentro de las ciencias naturales, posee un cuerpo de doctrina propio y comparte fundamentos y métodos con la geología y la biología con la que se integra estrechamente. Entre sus objetivos están, además de la reconstrucción de los seres vivos que vivieron en el pasado, el estudio de su origen, de sus cambios en el tiempo (evolución y filogenia), de las relaciones entre ellos y con su entorno (paleoecología, evolución de la biosfera), de su distribución espacial y migraciones (paleobiogeografía), de las extinciones, de los procesos de fosilización (tafonomía) o de la correlación y datación de las rocas que los contienen (bioestratigrafía). La Paleontología permite entender la actual composición (biodiversidad) y distribución de los seres vivos sobre la Tierra (biogeografía) -antes de la intervención humana-, ha aportado pruebas indispensables para la solución de dos de las más grandes controversias científicas del pasado siglo, la evolución de los seres vivos y la deriva de los continentes, y, de cara a nuestro futuro, ofrece herramientas para el análisis de cómo los cambios climáticos pueden afectar al conjunto de la biosfera.

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Paleontology or palaeontology (pronunciation: /ˌpeɪlɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpeɪlɪənˈtɒlədʒi/ or /ˌpælɪɒnˈtɒlədʒi/, /ˌpælɪənˈtɒlədʒi/) is the scientific study of life that existed prior to, and sometimes including, the start of the Holocene Epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present). It includes the study of fossils to determine organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Paleontological observations have been documented as far back as the 5th century BC. The science became established in the 18th century as a result of Georges Cuvier's work on comparative anatomy, and developed rapidly in the 19th century. The term itself originates from Greek παλαιός, palaios, i.e. "old, ancient", ὄν, on (gen. ontos), i.e. "being, creature" and λόγος, logos, i.e. "speech, thought, study". Paleontology lies on the border between biology and geology, but differs from archaeology in that it excludes the study of anatomically modern humans. It now uses techniques drawn from a wide range of sciences, including biochemistry, mathematics, and engineering. Use of all these techniques has enabled paleontologists to discover much of the evolutionary history of life, almost all the way back to when Earth became capable of supporting life, about 3,800 million years ago. As knowledge has increased, paleontology has developed specialised sub-divisions, some of which focus on different types of fossil organisms while others study ecology and environmental history, such as ancient climates. Body fossils and trace fossils are the principal types of evidence about ancient life, and geochemical evidence has helped to decipher the evolution of life before there were organisms large enough to leave body fossils. Estimating the dates of these remains is essential but difficult: sometimes adjacent rock layers allow radiometric dating, which provides absolute dates that are accurate to within 0.5%, but more often paleontologists have to rely on relative dating by solving the "jigsaw puzzles" of biostratigraphy. Classifying ancient organisms is also difficult, as many do not fit well into the Linnaean taxonomy that is commonly used for classifying living organisms, and paleontologists more often use cladistics to draw up evolutionary "family trees". The final quarter of the 20th century saw the development of molecular phylogenetics, which investigates how closely organisms are related by measuring how similar the DNA is in their genomes. Molecular phylogenetics has also been used to estimate the dates when species diverged, but there is controversy about the reliability of the molecular clock on which such estimates depend.

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