En biología el término receptores designa a las proteínas o glicoproteínas que permiten la interacción de determinadas sustancias con los mecanismos del metabolismo celular. Están presentes en la membrana plasmática, en las membranas de los orgánulos, en el citosol celular o en el núcleo celular, a las que se unen específicamente otras sustancias químicas llamadas moléculas señalizadoras, como las hormonas y los neurotransmisores. La unión de una molécula señalizadora a sus receptores específicos desencadena una serie de reacciones en el interior de las células (transducción de señal), cuyo resultado final depende no solo del estímulo recibido, sino de muchos otros factores, como el estadio celular, la presencia de patógenos, el estado metabólico de la célula, etc.

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In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell. When such chemical signals bind to a receptor, they cause some form of cellular/tissue response, e.g. a change in the electrical activity of a cell. In this sense, a receptor is a protein-molecule that recognizes and responds to endogenous chemical signals, e.g. an acetylcholine receptor recognizes and responds to its endogenous ligand, acetylcholine. However, sometimes in pharmacology, the term is also used to include other proteins that are drug targets, such as enzymes, transporters and ion channels. Receptor proteins are embedded in all cells' plasma membranes; facing extracellular (cell surface receptors), cytoplasmic (cytoplasmic receptors), or in the nucleus, (nuclear receptors). A molecule that binds to a receptor is called a ligand, and can be a protein or peptide (short protein), or another small molecule such as a neurotransmitter, hormone, pharmaceutical drug, toxin, or parts of the outside of a virus or microbe. The endogenously designated -molecule for a particular receptor is referred to as its endogenous ligand. E.g. the endogenous ligand for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is acetylcholine but the receptor can also be activated by nicotine and blocked by curare. Each receptor is linked to a specific cellular biochemical pathway. While numerous receptors are found in most cells, each receptor will only bind with ligands of a particular structure, much like how locks will only accept specifically shaped keys. When a ligand binds to its corresponding receptor, it activates or inhibits the receptor's associated biochemical pathway.

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