En física y química, el número atómico de un elemento químico es el número total de protones que tiene cada átomo de ese elemento. Se suele representar con la letra Z. Los átomos de diferentes elementos tienen distintos números de electrones y protones. Un átomo en su estado natural es neutro y tiene un número igual de electrones y protones. Un átomo de sodio (Na) tiene un número atómico 11; posee 11 electrones y 11 protones. Un átomo de magnesio (Mg), tiene número atómico 12, posee 12 electrones y 12 protones; y un átomo de uranio (U), que tiene número atómico 92, posee 92 electrones y 92 protones. Se coloca como subíndice a la izquierda del símbolo del elemento correspondiente. Por ejemplo, todos los átomos del elemento hidrógeno tienen 1 protón y su Z = 1; esto sería ₁H. Los de helio tienen 2 protones y Z =2; asimismo, ₂He. Los de litio, 3 protones y Z = 3,… Si el átomo es neutro, el número de electrones coincide con el de protones y da Z. En 1913 Henry Moseley demostró la regularidad existente entre los valores de las longitudes de onda de los rayos X emitidos por diferentes metales tras ser bombardeados con electrones, y los números atómicos de estos elementos metálicos. Este hecho permitió clasificar los elementos en la tabla periódica en orden creciente de número atómico. En la tabla periódica los elementos se ordenan de acuerdo con sus números atómicos en orden creciente.

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(See also: List of elements by atomic number) In chemistry and physics, the atomic number of a chemical element (also known as its proton number) is the number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom of that element, and therefore identical to the charge number of the nucleus. It is conventionally represented by the symbol Z. The atomic number uniquely identifies a chemical element. In an uncharged atom, the atomic number is also equal to the number of electrons. The atomic number, Z, should not be confused with the mass number, A, which is the number of nucleons, the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom. The number of neutrons, N, is known as the neutron number of the atom; thus, A = Z + N (these quantities are always whole numbers). Since protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass (and the mass of the electrons is negligible for many purposes) and the mass defect of nucleon binding is always small compared to the nucleon mass, the atomic mass of any atom, when expressed in unified atomic mass units (making a quantity called the "relative isotopic mass"), is roughly (to within 1%) equal to the whole number A. Atoms with the same atomic number Z but different neutron numbers N, and hence different atomic masses, are known as isotopes. A little more than three-quarters of naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes (see monoisotopic elements), and the average isotopic mass of an isotopic mixture for an element (called the relative atomic mass) in a defined environment on Earth, determines the element's standard atomic weight. Historically, it was these atomic weights of elements (in comparison to hydrogen) that were the quantities measurable by chemists in the 19th century. The conventional symbol Z comes from the German word Zahl meaning number/numeral/figure, which, prior to the modern synthesis of ideas from chemistry and physics, merely denoted an element's numerical place in the periodic table, whose order is approximately, but not completely, consistent with the order of the elements by atomic weights. Only after 1915, with the suggestion and evidence that this Z number was also the nuclear charge and a physical characteristic of atoms, did the word Atomzahl (and its English equivalent atomic number) come into common use in this context.

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